Table 5

Analysis of the stability of DC microgrids over various control strategies.

Case study Location Components Control strategy Voltage stability (%) Efficiency (%) Key findings Reference
DC microgrid stability analysis University campus Solar panels, battery storage ANFIS 90 72 Maintained voltage within ±2% under varying loads, superior stability. [39]
Hybrid DC microgrid for smart cities Urban area Wind turbines, solar PV, energy storage ANN 80 68 Improved voltage response but still vulnerable to sudden fluctuations. [40, 41]
Fuzzy logic control in DC microgrid Research facility Solar, battery storage, DC load Fuzzy Logic 72 64 Moderate performance; struggled with unpredictable load changes. [42, 43]
Performance of PID controller in DC microgrid Industrial site Diesel generators, solar panels PID 70 60 Inconsistent voltage; poor performance under load changes. [44]

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