Refining efficiency in standalone proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems through gross hopper optimization-based maximum power point tracking control | Science and Technology for Energy Transition (STET)

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Table 1

Summary of various MPPT controllers used for PEMFC systems.

Reference	MPPT technique	Converter type	Remarks
[7]	P&O	Boost	Prone to oscillations and inaccuracies, especially in rapidly changing environmental conditions.
[8, 9]	IC	Boost	Requires more computational resources compared to P&O.
[10, 11]	FLC	Boost	Performance is highly dependent on the ruleset and membership functions.
[14, 15]	ANN	High gain boost	Initial training and tuning of neural network parameters is time-consuming. Higher computational overhead.
[17]	ANFIS	High gain boost	Requires training data for model development. Complexity increases with the number of input variables and fuzzy rules.
[20]	GA	Boost	Computational complexity increases with the problem size.
[22]	PSO	Boost	Convergence speed highly depends on the swarm parameters.
[23]	GWO	Boost	Limited exploration capability in complex search spaces.
[24]	FSO	Boost	It requires fine-tuning for optimal performance.
[25]	GSS	Boost	It is not appropriate for sudden change in operating conditions.

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