Thermal management of Li-ion batteries in electric vehicles by nanofluid-filled loop heat pipes | Science and Technology for Energy Transition (STET)

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Table 2

Main experimental studies on nanofluid-filled LHPs.

Year	Author	Nanofluids	Nanoparticle concentration (%)	Heat input range (W)	Main findings
2013	Gunnasergaran et al. [22]	SiO₂–H₂O	3% wt.	20–100	From 28% to 44% decrease in R_th.
2014	Gunnasergaran et al. [23]	Al₂O₃–H₂O	0–3% wt.	40	Up to 5.5% decrease in R_th.
2014	Putra et al. [24]	Al₂O₃–H₂O	5% wt.	10–30	Up to 56% decrease in R_th when using biomaterial wick compared to sintered powder.
2015	Gunnasergaran et al. [25]	SiO₂–H₂O	0–3% wt	20, 40, 60	The optimum nanoparticle mass concentration is equal to 0.5%.
2015	Wan et al. [26]	Cu–H₂O	1.0, 1.5, 2% wt.	25–125	Up to 12.8% and 21.7% reductions in T_ev and R_th, respectively.
2016	Tharayil et al. [27]	Graphene–H₂O	0.003, 0.006, 0.009% vol.	20–380	Up to 21.6% decrease in R_th and to 10 °C decrease in T_ev obtained for an optimum mass concentration of 0.006% vol.
2017	Gunnasergaran et al. [28]	Fe₂NiO₄–H₂O	0–3% wt.	20–60	Up to 5.7 °C decrease in core temperature of the CPU.
2017	Gunnasergaran et al. [29]	Diamond–H₂O	0–3% wt.	20–60	Up to 10.8% decrease in R_th from 0.5% wt nanoparticle concentration
2018	Akshay et al. [30]	Al₂O₃–H₂O	2% wt.	30–310	Up to 12% decrease in T_ev.
2018	Wang et al. [31]	Cu–H₂O	1.5%, 2% wt.	25–100	Up to 60% decrease in R_th for low heat input powers.
2019	Stephen et al. [32]	Al₂O₃–H₂O	0.09%, 0.12% vol.	30–500	Up to 34.7% and 20.2% reduction in R_th for 0.12% vol of Ag and Al₂O₃.
2019	Stephen et al. [32]	Ag–H₂O	0.09%, 0.12% vol.	30–500
2021	Bin Harun et al. [33]	Diamond–H₂O	0–3% wt.	40, 60, 80	Up to 3% reduction in R_th at 3% mass concentration.
		Al₂O₃–H₂O
		SiO₂–H₂O
2022	Riehl and Murshed [34]	NiO–H₂O	3.5% wt.	10–40	There is a slight improvement when compared to the tests with water.
2022	Veeramachaneni et al. [35]	Hybrid Copper–Graphene–H₂O (30:70 and 70:30 ratios)	0.01%, 0.02% vol.	40–320	Up to 24.4% and 10% decrease in R_th and T_ev, respectively.
2022	Veeramachaneni et al. [35]	Hybrid Copper–Graphene–H₂O (30:70 and 70:30 ratios)	0.01%, 0.02% vol.	40–320	Up to 37% increase in capillary limit.

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