Reliability analysis and life cycle costing of rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) system operating in a composite environment | Science and Technology for Energy Transition (STET)

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Table 1

Literature summary related to life cycle costing.

Ref	Data source	Duration of data	Number of plants studied	Specification	Parameters considered	Major findings
[10]	Bangladesh’s subdistricts of Paba in the Rajshahi district and Kalihati, Ghatail, and Bhuapur in the Tangail district	2016–2017	20	40, 50, 65, 75, 85 Wp	Energy payback time, cost payback period	6.53 and 7.57 years energy payback time, cost payback period 2.55–4.03 years
[29]	Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and New Delhi	2010–2020	06	3.3 MW, 1 MW, 10 MW, 15 MW, 10 MW, 5 MW	LCOE, LCE, LCC	The project’s payback duration is less than 8 years, and it depends on the initial investment and the Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) rate. Techno-economic viability is strong in India.
[13]	ISO standards-based advice obtained from China’s typical photovoltaic enterprises		single	200 Wp multi-crystalline silicon (multi-Si) m	Energy payback time and primary energy demand (EPBT)	Best-suited areas in China were proposed for installation.
[12]	Building rooftop in Singapore	1 year	36	2.7 kWp, monocrystalline	LCA, EPBT, LCCA	Fossil energy use and GHG emission factors were taken into account for LCA and LCCA
[11]	Malaysia	30 years	–	100 kWp CdTe PV (cadmium telluride photovoltaic)	Potential for global warming, use of fossil fuels, energy payback period, and CO₂ payback period	There is a 0.94-year energy payback time and a 0.76-year CO₂ payback time. The CdTe PV system has a higher energy return on investment than the Si system, and environmental factors are taken into account in the life cycle assessment.
[37]	China company, literature	–	–	mcSi	Environmental impact	Environmental impact: the shift in environmental impacts linked to the export of Chinese photovoltaic modules made of multi-crystalline silicon is considered.
[38]		2 years	–	3 kWp rooftop silicon PV plant	Repowering time (ecotoxicity, freshwater, land and resource usage, minerals, metals, climate change)	For the PV installations under investigation, the optimal repowering period is estimated to be between 15 and 21 years on average.
[9]	Southern India is warm and humid	1 year	3,773 panels	1 MW rooftop, mono-crystalline	LCCA, net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), simple payback period (SPP), and discounted payback period (DPP)	The payback period lengthens by 70–120%, and the actual power generated is roughly one-third less than ideal.
[8]	Iran (Tehran and Bandar Abbas)	–	–	3 kWp, Taiwan, polycrystalline	LCCA based on the payback period	The PV system’s payback period is mostly influenced by its maintenance expenses; when current power rates and initial costs are taken into account, the payback period of PV systems is longer than their technical life span.
[39]	Phoenix, Arizona		7700	c-Si	Energy payback time	Environmental indicators such as emissions, land transformation, and water withdrawal were investigated in terms of LCC.
[40]	Field data from the Indian industry	20		m-Si, p-Si	GHG emission rate, energy return on investment (EROI), and energy payback time (EPBT)	Three phases of solar PV systems are considered: production, construction, and operation.
[34]	Solar plant in Bhubaneswar	1 year	80 panels	30.24 kW	Payback period	A machine learning model for solar power prediction was developed, and the LCC of the rooftop plant was calculated.
[29]	Solar plants in Karnataka, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, New Delhi and Rajasthan	–	6 panels	3.3 MW, 1 MW, 10 MW, 15 MW, 10 MW	Payback period	For a project with a life cycle of about 25 years, the payback period is usually shorter than 8 years.

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