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Review
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Sci. Tech. Energ. Transition
Volume 81, 2026
Article Number 20
Number of page(s) 25
DOI https://doi.org/10.2516/stet/2026025
Published online 03 August 2026

© The Author(s), published by EDP Sciences, 2026

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1 Introduction

Global energy consumption rises annually with economic growth. Energy and economic development are linked by two factors. Economic progress depends on energy availability and accessibility. Second, economic development conditions determine energy use and efficiency [1, 2]. Some people still lack electricity. The seventh SDG goal – to provide everyone with modern, reliable, and affordable energy services – is failing. Around 675 million people lack power and 2.3 billion need green cooking in 2021. Global patterns suggest a similar path until 2030 [3]. Over 80% of energy comes from fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas, which continues to be substantial and has been a major driving force behind the economy [4]. People who live in remote regions get their electricity from fossil fuels like diesel and kerosene.

This energy has many limitations, including high fuel costs, long transit distances, high maintenance and operational costs, and environmental damage [5]. Energy usage pollutes air, water, thermal, and solid waste, but climate change is the worst. The main source of urban air pollution is fossil fuels [6]. Nevertheless, global fossil fuel sources are rapidly decreasing. Long-term, intensive use of non-renewable energy sources leads to air pollution, climate change, and irreversible degradation of resources. Climate change threatens wellness, availability of food, ecosystems, revenue growth, and social equilibrium [7].

Increasing green energy consumption is crucial to fixing traditional energy sources. Wind, water, biofuel, geothermal, and tidal energy are renewable [8, 9]. Compared to fossil energy, renewable energy is abundant and distributed and does not emit greenhouse gases [10, 11]. Renewable energy diversifies energy sources and reduces fossil fuel use, improving energy security. Renewable energy should assist sustainable development by reducing energy constraints and improving public health [12, 13].

The renewable energy sources, as depicted in Figure 1, have various obstacles including fluctuations in availability, restricted storage capacity, and environmental impacts [14, 15]. Solar and wind energy are weather-dependent and intermittent. Energy sources that require large areas or water supplies harm ecosystems and the environment. A hybrid renewable energy system can solve this by merging and complementing energy sources or technologies [16–18]. Its stability, low emissions, affordability, and ability to combine the virtues of multiple energy sources while minimizing their weaknesses make this system attractive. A hybrid renewable energy system integrates wind turbines, solar panels, water turbines, diesel generators, and batteries [19, 20]. Since expanding the central electricity grid to remote areas with low population density is financially and practically not feasible, hybrid energy generation systems are an attractive solution to facilitate the provision of power in geographically isolated regions [21].

Thumbnail: Figure 1 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text. Figure 1

Types of renewable energy sources.

Figure 2 depicts the energy system configuration including conventional, hydro, PV, battery banks, charge controllers, two-way converters, principal loads, and dummy loads. The primary power source is derived from hydro and PV using a bidirectional converter. The surplus power generated by the hydroelectric system or photovoltaic (PV) system, surpassing the load demands, is stored in the battery bank until the battery reaches its maximum charge capacity. If there is extra power after the batteries are fully charged, it will be used to power “dummy loads,” like cooling and heating loads, water pumping, and emergency lights batteries. Once power needs exceed power produced, the battery compensates until the minimum limit is reached. Whenever battery storage runs out and HRES cannot meet load demands, a diesel generator is employed.

Thumbnail: Figure 2 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text. Figure 2

Schematic diagram of the hybrid energy system.

Energy sources can output AC or DC. Solar power plants produce DC output; thus, inverters convert it to AC or vice versa depending on the load. Many academics have undertaken research associated with hybrid systems of clean energy, such as the PV-Diesel hybrid system [22–24], PV-Diesel-Hydro [25, 26], PV-Hydro [27–29], PVWind-Diesel [30–32]. Renewable energy hybrid systems can power large industrial loads, remote communities, microgrids, and grid connectivity. The hybrid system is capable of operating in both off-grid [33–36] and on-grid modes [37–39]. Researchers struggle to keep up with hybrid system research from many angles.

The purpose of this article is to assist researchers working on renewable energy hybrid systems, with a particular focus on rural and underdeveloped regions. Bibliometric analysis is a quantitative approach that employs statistical methods to investigate extensive compilations of scientific publications and their patterns of citation. This can aid scientists in comprehending the evolution, patterns, cooperation, framework, and influence of a specific domain of knowledge. To perform bibliometric analysis, researchers must employ software that can create and analyze bibliometric networks based on various interactions between publications, authors, journals, and institutions.

The key objectives of this study are summarized as follows (a) technical assessment of renewable energy hybrid systems, (b) identify field contributors such as original sources, authors, countries, and research institutions, (c) explores current trends within the field of renewable energy hybrid systems, (d) demonstrates the progress and development of study findings through time, and (e) investigate how renewable energy relates to using hybrid renewable energy systems in underdeveloped and remote places.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces the methodology, including the data source, retrieval strategy, and bibliometrix methods. Section 3 presents the details of the results and analysis. Furthermore, Section 4 presents the conclusions.

2 Research method and data collection

2.1 Conceptual framework

In the field of bibliometrics, mathematical and statistical techniques are employed to measure and analyze the output, growth, maturation, and consumption of scientific publications. It is frequently employed to evaluate and study the efficiency of researchers in many research domains. Performance analysis and science mapping are bibliometric functions. Performance analysis uses bibliographic data to assess scholarly production’s kind, language, journal, and country to identify trends or tipping points in a study field [40, 41]. Science mapping illustrates the scientific field structure. The analysis in this section mostly encompasses citation analysis, co-authorship analysis, burst detection analysis, and co-occurrence analysis [42].

2.2 Selection of database

SCOPUS-based bibliometric examination of hybrid renewable energy systems in developing/remote regions. Scopus was chosen because it is a major repository of published papers, including metadata from reputable journals, and facilitates bibliometric study [35, 36]. The inquiry was conducted between the years 2014 and 2023. The document search was conducted on December 6, 2023, using the keywords “hybrid,” “renewable,” “energy,” “systems,” “developing,” and “areas.” The search focused on relevant literature in the title, abstract, and keyword fields, utilizing the AND operator among other search techniques.

In Figure 3, the research technique is diagrammed. The approach has various drawbacks. The authors chose papers using inclusion/exclusion criteria. The criteria are (1) English document type, (2) final publication stage, (3) English language, and (4) journal source type. Finally, even if the keywords are closely connected to the research topic, alternate keywords may indicate additional documents not included in this study. The author exclusively utilizes articles sourced from respected international publications, specifically those classified inside quartile 1 (Q1) and quartile 2 (Q2). Conference papers, reviews, book chapters, conference reviews, books, letters, editorials, data papers, errata, notes, and other publications are excluded. After the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, 71 documents were utilized for the research. Afterwards, the 71 documents’ metadata was saved in CSV format. Step two involves researching hybrid renewable energy systems in underdeveloped and remote locations using bibliometric tools. This paper’s bibliometric analysis was conducted using VOSviewer, and Rstudio Biblioshiny. The processes for employing both bibliometric methods are described in Figure 4.

Thumbnail: Figure 3 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text. Figure 3

Schematic illustration of the accomplished literature surveying methodology.

2.3 VOSviewer

VOSviewer was originally introduced in a paper published in Scientometrics in 2010 [43]. The Vosviewer application can be downloaded on the following page https://www.vosviewer.com/download. VOSviewer is a specialized software that is specifically created to construct and display bibliometric networks. It aids in analyzing the scientific landscape, particularly in regard to publications, journals, and co-authorship connections.

A bibliometric network might demonstrate relationships between the most cited authors, collaboration among authors coordination between countries, organizations, keywords, and topic knowledge [44]. Additionally, VOSviewer provides text-mining capabilities that enable the construction and visualization of networks or flows of literacy mapping from various sources. Some uses of this application include platform research [45], Technological pedagogical content knowledge in Chemistry education [46] and sustainable energy research trends [47].

2.4 Biblioshiny (R-tool software)

Bibliometrix, an open-source tool for quantitative research in the fields of scientometrics and bibliometrics, has been developed by Massimo Aria and Corrado Cuccurullo. This tool encompasses a comprehensive range of bibliometric techniques for analysis. This application can be downloaded on the page https://www.bibliometrix.org/home/.

Biblioshiny is an open-source application capable of importing data from many sources like Scopus and Web of Science, and offering a range of bibliometric analysis options [48]. Bibliometrix is a R utility for performing extensive science mapping analysis. This application is intended to simplify the complicated science mapping process and give detailed analysis of research streams [48]. This application has been widely used in various fields of health research [49–51], social [52, 53], business and management [54].

3 Result and analysis

3.1 Descriptive of publications

Table 1 shows that 71 articles have been released in 23 reputable international journals in quartile 1 and quartile 2. A total of 283 people has contributed to this work, with an average of 4.15 writers per document. Publications concerning renewable energy hybrid systems in developing regions encounter an annual growth rate of 9.43%. Table 2 lists the 71 most referenced Scopus publications on hybrid renewable energy systems in developing countries. Future researchers can gain insight from the retrieved data.

Table 1

Key data retrieved from the database.

Table 2

The top 71 most cited article in field of hybrid renewable energy systems in developing areas.

Figure 5 illustrates the significant quantity of papers generated annually from 2014 to 2023. The number of publications has consistently risen throughout the years, reaching its peak in 2022 with 16 pieces. As of December 8, 2023, there have been 9 articles published in 2023. This tendency is also observed in the number of citations received in each article and the number of citations received per year.

Thumbnail: Figure 5 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text. Figure 5

Article and citation growth from 2014 to 2023.
Thumbnail: Figure 4 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text. Figure 4

Steps to use VOSviewer and biblioshiny.
Thumbnail: Figure 6 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text. Figure 6

Keyword co-occurrence network map.
Thumbnail: Figure 7 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text. Figure 7

Thematic map.
Thumbnail: Figure 8 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text. Figure 8

Publications per country using SCP and MCP parameters.
Thumbnail: Figure 9 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text. Figure 9

Number of articles according to publisher.
Thumbnail: Figure 10 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text. Figure 10

SJR and Impact Factor of article.
Thumbnail: Figure 11 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text. Figure 11

Density map of publications in different countries.
Thumbnail: Figure 12 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text. Figure 12

The collaboration network of authors with 35 countries.

3.2 Keywords

Figure 6 shows a network visualization map with colored nodes for labels. Frequency of use affects node size. Product label size correlates with usage frequency. The size of segments and connecting lines indicates label co-occurrence frequency. Nodes of the same hue correlate more. Co-occurrence of keywords Network analysis is an effective way to visualize and comprehend scientific trends and problems over time. This map of patterns is concise and easy to read. Co-occurrence analysis shows a framework’s conceptual organization or condenses it into a bibliography. Utilizing co-occurrence networks to visualize and cluster keyword phrases does this.

The keyboard is partitioned into five distinct clusters, as illustrated in Figure 6. Each cluster is designated by aunique color. A total of 1222 keywords were examined to generate a co-occurrence network. Keywords that appear no less than five times in the publication under consideration. Clusters are established on the basis of thematic coherence, which is determined by the total number of connections that exist between specific keywords.

The categorization of terms is displayed in Table 3, based on clusters, occurrences, overall link strength, average annual publication, and average normal citations. Table 3 shows the publication year and average normalized citation value to assess if research is trending or falling. Cluster 1 is the largest, with the keyword that appears most frequently being rural electrification followed by optimization. In clusters 2, 3, 4, and 5, renewable energy (68), hybrid renewable energy system (28), net present cost (24), and homer (42).

Table 3

The most popular keywords in HRES in developing areas.

Scientific mapping uses themed maps to show a study domain’s conceptual structure (Fig. 7). The horizontal (centrality) and vertical (density) axes split the thematic map into four quadrants: quadrant 1 (basic themes), quadrant II (Motor Themes), quadrant III (Niche Themes), and quadrant IV (Emerging or Declining Themes). Quadrant I has strong centrality and low intensity, addressing the field’s key issues and intersecting with allied disciplines. Quadrant II has lesser centrality and intensity, indicating underdeveloped or irrelevant issues. Quadrant III has higher centrality and density values, indicating a well-developed motor theme relevant to domain conceptual frameworks. Quadrant IV is a specific area since the issue is well-developed but outside the scope. Motor themes are extensively researched and developed subjects. Themes that are highly developed and isolated occupy a moderate level of density, yet they lack centrality and are regarded as peripheral. The concepts of emergence and decline are underdeveloped and marginal. Simultaneously, fundamental and transverse concerns arise due to inadequate density. Most scientific studies and citations on “hybrid microgrids, solar PV, and diesel generator” belong to keywords in the motor theme group. High centrality and low density characterize hybrid power systems and load demand, two advanced but specialist subjects. The keywords in this group have been more productive in the past, but their relevance has declined. Renewable energy, rural electrification, and optimization are basic themes with a great deal of density but weak centrality. Keywords in the following category have a low inherent connectivity.

3.3 The most influential publications

Table 4 exhibits the ten articles that received the most citations in the past five years, along with the overall number of citations per year. The first article by Bagheri M, followed by Jahangir MH, with numbers of citations 103 and 88, respectively. Annual citation counts alter due to research focus and renewable energy technology advances.

Table 4

Top ten articles based on highest citation in 2019–2023.

According to the values of h-index, TC, NP, and PYstart in Table 5, the journal Energies is the top publisher in the field of renewable energy hybrid systems. During the period from 2014 to 2023, the Applied Energy and Energy Conversion and Management journals were the pioneers in publishing publications on hybrid renewable energy. These articles were selected from a pool of 15 prestigious journals. Journals ranked in positions 1–7 are classified as Q1 journals, indicating that they have a higher quality compared to journals in other quartiles when considering the h-index.

Table 5

Top 15 journals, the number of documents, published articles, citations, and impact factor.

3.4 Authors and co-authorship

Table 6 presents the most prolific authors with two or more articles, country of origin, current institution, number of articles, the current number of citations, h-index, and the position of the author’s list. Senjyu T holds the record for the most citations among authors, with 3 works affiliated with the University of the Ryukyus in Japan. Italy has the most authors, with a total of 4, who have contributed 8 pieces. Spain follows closely behind with 2 authors who have written 4 articles.

Table 6

Top 10 prolific writers with 2+ articles.

Using the SCP (single country publications) and MCP (multiple country publications) criteria, Figure 8 presents the collaboration map for research papers on topics related to hybrid renewable energy systems in developing areas. Though China has more MCP articles, India has more SCP articles. From what we can tell, Chinese authors collaborate more than any other country.

3.5 Highly productive publisher

Figure 9 presents a comprehensive visual representation of the highly referenced papers chosen from the Scopus database, which were published by various publishers. Elsevier was the most prolific publisher, responsible for 54.93% of the total 71 papers. Following closely behind was MDPI, with a contribution of 21.13%. Figure 10 illustrates the frequency of articles published in various journals categorized as quartile 1 and quartile 2, together with their corresponding impact factor and scimago journal rank (SJR) values

3.6 Countries and collaboration

Based on Table 7, India has the most documents (12) with 351 citations. The United States, China, and Iran consistently have the highest number of publications in energy and engineering bibliometric research; therefore, this is significant. Iran follows with 7 articles (276 citations), China, Spain, and Italy with 4 articles and 130, 128, 92 citations, respectively.

Table 7

The top 10 Countries with the most articles and citations.

Countries’ research production is directly related to publication numbers. Figure 11 depicts the geographic trend of highly productive countries using publication density maps. The survey included 89 countries, with blue tints representing publication numbers. Darker blue-green indicates more publications in the country. According to the figures presented in Figure 11, India exhibits the highest level of productivity, with a total of 122 publications, whilst China ranks second with 46 publications. Iran, Malaysia, and the USA have 41, 33, and 25 publications, respectively. Typically, scholarly publications tend to be concentrated in the regions of Asia and America.

A global collaboration network is illustrated in Figure 12. Countries are represented by nodes, and the presence of a link between two nodes signifies that the two nations have collaborated on publications. A greater number of pertinent research papers are published in the correspondence between two nations, as the node size increases. Furthermore, centrality increases with circle size. Five nations with the greatest level of centrality are India, China, Iran, Malaysia, and the United States, as demonstrated. This shows that substantial interaction and collaboration have occurred between these nations.

3.7 Most productive institutions

Table 8 displays the top 15 institutions that have produced the most number of articles on hybrid renewable energy systems in developing regions. These institutions have accounted for 90 publications, which represent 60.81% of the total. Among these institutions, there were three representatives from Italy and two representatives from Malaysia and Iran. Based on total article production, Italy has 15 articles, Malaysia and Iran have 14 articles each, followed by Japan with 11 articles, Korea with 7 articles, and Pakistan with 6 articles. Meanwhile, countries like Mexico, United States, Oman and Morocco each have 4 articles.

Table 8

Top 15 productive institutions in HYRES research.

4 Conclusion

Renewable energy sources like fuel cells, wind, solar, biomass, hydro, and others can meet future energy needs. Renewable energy can be hybridized. In developing countries, renewable energy hybrid systems are used when power grid expansion is unaffordable. Hybrid renewable energy systems are reliable and environmentally friendly, especially when fossil fuel sources decline. Recently, hybrid renewable energy systems have emerged as a new concept that needs further study. The fast advancement of renewable energy technology, the opening of new energy markets, and financial strategies and rules all help create clean, long-lasting mixed renewable energy systems. Their number has climbed to several dozen per year. This report examines growing region hybrid renewable energy hybrid system research from 2014 to 2023. VOSviewer, Rstudio Biblioshiny, and Excel will help with bibliometric analysis. The analysis focuses on publication numbers, authors with the highest productivity, citation counts, productivity by country, collaboration between countries and authors, hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) journals, and HRES thematic evolution. Following Scopus statistics, 353 entries were found on this topic. Keyword screening, subject area relevance, publishing stage, English language, and high-impact journals (Q1 and Q2) yielded 71 papers for study. Both total and average article citations rise annually. Japanese University of the Ryukyus professor Senjyu T writes prolifically. They have the most articles and citations among 283 authors. Elsevier published 54.93% of the 71 papers, followed by MDPI with 21.13%. Applied Energy and Energy Conversion and Management pioneered hybrid renewable energy papers in 15 key journals from 2014 to 2023. India has the most documents, 12, with 351 citations. Second with 7 documents is Iran, followed by China, Spain, and Italy with 4. Italy produces the most articles (15). Malaysia has 14, Iran 14, and Japan 11. Pakistan has 6 articles, and Korea has 7. This bibliometric study found relationships between author keywords, showing the growth of hybrid renewable energy system subtopics in developing regions. There are several trending keywords that can give empirical researchers an overview of topics, including “rural electrification, optimization, renewable energy, microgrid, solar energy, hybrid renewable energy system, techno-economic analysis, sensitivity analysis, cost of energy, and Homer”. The study proposed in this paper guides researchers to identify hybrid renewable energy system patterns with a source of information tailored to their interests.

Funding

Financial support provided by the Center for Higher Education Funding (BPPT) and Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP) on decree no 01283/J5.2.3./BPI.06/9/2022 is greatly appreciated.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Data availability statement

Data will be made available on request.

Author contribution statement

Conceptualizations, EKB.; methodology, EKB. and FDW.; software, EKB and FDW.; validation, EKB., FDW., HRA. and JCV.; formal analysis, EKB., FDW. and HRA.; investigation, EKB. and FDW.; data curation, EKB. and FDW.; writing, EKB., FDW. and HRA.; original draft preparation, EKB., and HRA.; writing-review and editing, EKB., FDW., HRA., JCV.; visualization, supervision, FDW. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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All Tables

Table 1

Key data retrieved from the database.

In the text
Table 2

The top 71 most cited article in field of hybrid renewable energy systems in developing areas.

In the text
Table 3

The most popular keywords in HRES in developing areas.

In the text
Table 4

Top ten articles based on highest citation in 2019–2023.

In the text
Table 5

Top 15 journals, the number of documents, published articles, citations, and impact factor.

In the text
Table 6

Top 10 prolific writers with 2+ articles.

In the text
Table 7

The top 10 Countries with the most articles and citations.

In the text
Table 8

Top 15 productive institutions in HYRES research.

In the text

All Figures

Thumbnail: Figure 1 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text. Figure 1

Types of renewable energy sources.
In the text
Thumbnail: Figure 2 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text. Figure 2

Schematic diagram of the hybrid energy system.
In the text
Thumbnail: Figure 3 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text. Figure 3

Schematic illustration of the accomplished literature surveying methodology.
In the text
Thumbnail: Figure 5 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text. Figure 5

Article and citation growth from 2014 to 2023.
In the text
Thumbnail: Figure 4 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text. Figure 4

Steps to use VOSviewer and biblioshiny.
In the text
Thumbnail: Figure 6 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text. Figure 6

Keyword co-occurrence network map.
In the text
Thumbnail: Figure 7 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text. Figure 7

Thematic map.
In the text
Thumbnail: Figure 8 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text. Figure 8

Publications per country using SCP and MCP parameters.
In the text
Thumbnail: Figure 9 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text. Figure 9

Number of articles according to publisher.
In the text
Thumbnail: Figure 10 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text. Figure 10

SJR and Impact Factor of article.
In the text
Thumbnail: Figure 11 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text. Figure 11

Density map of publications in different countries.
In the text
Thumbnail: Figure 12 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text. Figure 12

The collaboration network of authors with 35 countries.
In the text

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