Issue |
Sci. Tech. Energ. Transition
Volume 79, 2024
Emerging Advances in Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems and Integration
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | 90 | |
Number of page(s) | 11 | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.2516/stet/2024087 | |
Published online | 30 October 2024 |
Regular Article
Comparative analysis of various nanomaterials mixed with WCO biodiesel on CI engine’s performance and emissions
Department of Mechanical Engineering, SECAB Institute of Engineering and Technology, Vijaypur, 586109, Karnataka, India
* Corresponding author: syed.abbasali86@gmail.com
Received:
10
July
2024
Accepted:
25
September
2024
The experimental investigations of performance and emission parameters of a compression ignition (CI) engine run by waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel dispersed with nanomaterials. The nanomaterials, Cerium oxide, Magnesium oxide, and Aluminium oxide of 30 ppm and 40 ppm dosages are mixed with the 20% of WCO biodiesel and diesel using an ultrasonicator. The performance and emission parameters are investigated by running the CI engine at constant speed for different loads. Based on the conducted experiments, it has been observed that the improvement in performance emission characteristics of CI engines is due to the addition of Cerium oxide, Magnesium oxide, and Aluminium oxide nanomaterials at 30 ppm and 40 ppm dosages of 20% WCO nanoparticles compared with that of diesel. It can therefore be concluded that adding nanomaterials in higher doses enhances CI engine performance and emissions.
Key words: Cerium oxide / Magnesium oxide / Aluminium oxide / Waste cooking oil / Emissions / Performance
© The Author(s), published by EDP Sciences, 2024
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
1 Introduction
The most advantageous in the vehicular engine era is biodiesel, as it can become a substitute for fuel for engines [1–4]. The work carried out so far on biodiesel preparation, examination of performance variables, and combustion-emission characteristics of engines has become the topic of interest in the last few decades [1, 2, 4–7]. One of the most crucial factors in reducing production costs is recognized to be the cost of biodiesel, which is still more expensive than diesel and hence prevents its commercial adoption [8]. It is recognized that close to 60–70% of the total production cost of biodiesel is due to the feedstock (raw material) used. Waste cooking oil (WCO), often described as a cost-effective feedstock, is more appealing owing to its favourable cost [5–8]. A lot of work carried out on producing alternate fuel using WCO for many years [5–8]. The study and analysis of CI engines operated with various biodiesel connected to performance, combustion and emission variables have been done in the literature [8–10]. Further, nanomaterial dispersed fuel has been an attraction for many researchers attaining good performance since it reveals the strengthening mechanical, thermophysical chemical properties, performance, combustion, and emission phenomena of traditional materials [11–16]. The complete review of the effect of various nanomaterials on the various parameters of the CI engine has been highlighted in [12]. Work has been done to figure out how Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) additions affect WCO biodiesel, and artificial neural networks have been employed to predict emissions [2]. The influence of cerium oxide and magnesium oxide nanoparticles (30 ppm) in WCO biodiesel on engine thermal performance characteristics has appeared in [8]. The nitromethane-Jatropha biodiesel in [1] and nano TiO2 additives in palm oil-based biodiesel in [13]. Prabhu highlighted the influence of Al2O3 and CeO2 mixed in jatropha-biodiesel [14]. MgO (30–50 ppm) impact on CI engine parameters operated with WCO as experimented in [5]. The research work related to the experimental investigation of oxygenated additives’ impact [17] on performance, combustion, and emissions of CI engines run via WCO-biodiesel blends. The consideration of biodiesel (Castor oil) utilizing CeO2 additives in [18], terebinth oil biodiesel with TiO2 [19], aquatic fern oil with SiO2 [20], Chicken waste biofuel with CNT and MnO [21], seed oil [22], poppy seed oil biodiesel [23] for the CI engine analysis. A review on the importance of machine learning and artificial intelligence for optimizing the efficiency of the engine has been thoroughly discussed in [24]. Further, the amount of WCO available in any country is enormous per year, why because the usage of vegetable oil is expanded since few years [25]. The percentage of vegetable oil used in homes and restaurants is the highest. There is not much of the low-cost feedstock WCO has utilized in the literature. Furthermore, the combination of WCO biodiesel-oxide nanoparticles at varying doses to examine the performance and emissions of CI engines is also limited by the comparative study. In keeping with this idea, the current study focuses on an experimental examination to see how different dosages of cerium oxide (CeO2), magnesium oxide (MgO), and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) affect the performance as well as emissions of CI engines.
2 Methods, materials, and experimental set up
2.1 Preparation of biodiesel through transesterification process
The waste cooking oil has been collected from restaurants, corner shops, cafeterias, catering services, and food industries located near the city. The steps to be followed to produce the biodiesel from waste cooking oils are as given in Figures 1 and 2.
Fig. 1 Block diagram for biodiesel production. |
Fig. 2 Biodiesel production process. |
2.2 Nanomaterials
The cerium oxide (CeO2), magnesium oxide (MgO), and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) used in this work, as they possess excellent catalytic properties, high thermal stability, enhanced lubrication properties, and a strong redox reaction [26–30], are procured from “Platonic Nano Tech” Pvt. Ltd., India. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) instrument is equipped with a Cu Kα X-ray source at 40 kV (Voltage) and 30 mA (Current), a high-resolution detector, data collection over a 2θ range of 10°–90° with an interval of 0.02°. The Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) instrument is operated at 200 kV (acceleration voltage), a high-angle annular dark field detector, and has a magnification range from 50,000× to 1,000,000×. Further, the fuel blends containing nanoparticles with high levels of doping might result in early ignition. In addition, these nanoparticles are discharged into the atmosphere as smoke during the engine combustion process, resulting in significant air pollution and possible challenges with vaporization and atomization, as well as increased wear and tear on the surfaces. Lower doses may not be sufficient to achieve better atomization or improved combustion [29, 30]. With this consideration in mind, the authors set limits of 30 ppm and 40 ppm in the present study. Further, the scientific specifications are reported in Table 1. The picture of XRD for CeO2, MgO, and Al2O3 is given in Figures 3–5, and TEM analyses of CeO2, MgO, and Al2O3 are given in Figures 6–8, respectively. From Figures 3 and 6, it is depicted that, despite being crystalline due to sharp edges, Cerium oxide (CeO2) material shape is spherical and size ranges from 30 to 50 nm. From Figures 4 and 7, it is seen that amorphous in nature magnesium oxide (MgO) materials are spherical and sizes between 30 and 60 nm. From Figures 5 and 8, it is revealed that, despite being amorphous due to its full width and small half maxima, the aluminium oxide (Al2O3) material’s shape is spherical, particles are agglomerated, and the size ranges 30–50 nm.
Fig. 3 XRD picture of Cerium oxide. |
Fig. 4 XRD picture of Magnesium oxide. |
Fig. 5 XRD picture of Aluminum oxide. |
Fig. 6 TEM picture of Cerium oxide. |
Fig.7 TEM picture of Magnesium oxide. |
Fig. 8 TEM picture of Aluminum oxide. |
Scientific specification of nanomaterials.
2.3 Ultrasonication: mixing of MWCNT in WCO biodiesel
To promote uniformity of mixture (nanomaterial in biodiesel), many methods have been reported in [31]. The ultrasonic method is capable of efficiently breaking down the nanomaterial agglomerates increasing the stability and improving the dispersion of nanoparticles in the fuel [32]. In the current investigation, an ultrasonication technique is used to mix the nanomaterials in the diesel and biodiesel blend, in which ultrasonic cavitation takes place, which produces shear forces that break up the particle agglomerates and maintain uniformity. Further, the equipment used are shown in Figure 9.
Fig. 9 Equipment used for the mixing of nanomaterials with biodiesel. a) Sonicator; b) Magnetic stirrer. |
2.4 Experimental investigations of properties of diesel and CeO2, MgO, Al2O3 dispersed WCO biodiesel blends
Blend-B20 is added with CeO2, MgO, and Al2O3 and has been exhibited to acquire the values of calorific value (CV) in kJ/kg, density in kg/m3, viscosity in cSt, and flash-fire point in degree Celsius using the instruments given in Table 2. Furthermore, the CeO2, MgO, and Al2O3 added WCO-biodiesel blends and diesel properties for 30 ppm and 40 ppm have been discussed in Tables 3–5 and denoted as B20C30, B20M30, B20A30, B20C40, B20M40, and B20A40.
Instruments used for the measurement of fuel properties.
Fuel properties of WCO biodiesel (B20) with CeO2 and diesel.
Fuel properties of WCO biodiesel (B20) with MgO and diesel.
Fuel properties of WCO biodiesel (B20) with Al2O3 and diesel.
2.5 Test set-up of engine
Figures 10a and 10b represent the image of the engine test rig, and instrumentation part, respectively. The 4-stroke one-cylinder engine is used in this work, operated at constant speed, which is operated at 1500 rpm. The engine is joined with the dynamometer (eddy type). The assessment of air flow – fuel flow employed through transmitters. The load cell is installed to load the engine. The calibrated sensors (pressure) are positioned in the engine to acquire the cylinder pressure. Further, the emission parameters for overall operating conditions are obtained through an emission analyzer (Fig. 11).
Fig. 10 Photograph of a) Engine test rig and b) Instrumentation part. |
Fig. 11 Photograph of emission analyzer. |
2.6 Uncertainty of experimental results
An uncertainty of the different parameters has been conducted to minimize the errors related to the instruments. The instrument’s uncertainty relies on the operational and surrounding conditions and accuracy associated with the instrument [2, 3, 11]. In this, multiple tests are performed over and over, and average values are adopted for subsequent analysis (Table 6). The percentage error in brake thermal efficiency (BTE), specific fuel consumption (SFC), mechanical efficiency (η), unburnt hydrocarbons or hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen or nitrogen oxide (NOx), Smole opacity, calorific value (CV), viscosity, density, and flash/fire point is 1%, 2%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.01%, 1%, 3%, 1%, 0.5%, 2%, and 1%, respectively. The following expression is used to compute the total percentage uncertainty of the present experimental study and it is within the reasonable limit.
Uncertainty of experimental results.
3 Results and discussions
An experimental investigation has been employed using a CI engine with a load from 2.5 kg to 10 kg including an interval of 2.5 kg using CeO2, MgO, and Al2O3 nanomaterial (30 ppm and 40 ppm) mixed in WCO biodiesel-B20 blend and diesel. The performance parameters examined are BTE, SFC, and mechanical efficiency (η). Furthermore, the emissions under investigation are CO, HC, NOx, and smoke opacity.
3.1 Influence of WCO biodiesel blend dispersed with nanomaterial on BTE
Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) provides information about how the fuel energy is turned into engine output. The BTE w.r.t. load for pure diesel, WCO biodiesel (B20), and various nanoparticles (CeO2, MgO, and Al2O3) blends, viz ., B20C30, B20M30, B20A30, B20C40, B20M40, and B20A40, is discussed in Figure 12. Improvement in BTE is observed as load increases as the enhancement in combustion quality of fuel at higher loads [8, 10, 11, 17]. The inclusion of CeO2, MgO, and Al2O3 nanomaterials in WCO biodiesel for 30 ppm and 40 ppm dosages exhibits an improvement in BTE [11, 13, 17]. Metal nanoparticles improve air-fuel mixing by increasing the surface-to-volume ratio, leading to atomization. This allows for a more efficient fuel reaction with air, which results in enhanced brake thermal efficiency.
Fig. 12 BTE variation with load for WCO biodiesel mixed with nanomaterials. |
3.2 Influence of WCO biodiesel blend dispersed with nanomaterials on SFC
The specific fuel consumption (SFC) w.r.t. load for pure diesel, WCO biodiesel, and various nanoparticles (CeO2, MgO, and Al2O3) blends, viz., B20C30, B20M30, B20A30, B20C40, B20M40, and B20A40, is shown in Figure 13. The decrease in SFC has been seen with enhancement in load because, as load increases, fuel’s combustion quality also increases [8, 10, 11, 17]. The SFC is lower for the CeO2, MgO, and Al2O3 nanoparticles mixed in WCO biodiesel (B20) fuel in contrast to neat diesel, which leads to a lower ignition delay and maximizes the surface-to-volume ratio which allows improved combustion and also allows reduced fuel consumption. The mixing of CeO2, MgO, and Al2O3 nanoparticles lowers specific fuel consumption is also seen [11, 13, 17].
Fig. 13 SFC variation with load for WCO biodiesel mixed with nanomaterials. |
3.3 Influence of WCO biodiesel blend dispersed with nanomaterials on η
The mechanical efficiency (η) w.r.t. load for pure diesel, WCO biodiesel, and various nanoparticles (CeO2, MgO, and Al2O3) blends viz. B20C30, B20M30, B20A30, B20C40, B20M40, and B20A40 are given in Figure 14. The brake power to the indicated power ratio expressed by the engine is called mechanical efficiency and denoted by. It is improved for improvement in the load (Fig. 14); this is due to enhancement in spray quality and less loss of heat in the blends over the diesel [8, 17]. The mechanical efficiency improved for the CeO2, MgO, and Al2O3 nanoparticles mixed in WCO biodiesel (B20) fuel-diesel comparison [11, 17].
Fig. 14 Mechanical efficiency variation with load for WCO biodiesel mixed with nanomaterials. |
3.4 Influence of WCO biodiesel blend dispersed with nanomaterials on CO
Figure 15 demonstrates the carbon monoxide (CO) w.r.t. load for pure diesel, WCO biodiesel (B20), and various nanoparticles (CeO2, MgO, and Al2O3) blends, viz., B20C30, B20M30, B20A30, B20C40, B20M40, and B20A40. It is distinguished from Figure 15 that as the load increases, the increment in CO can be seen for all the mixtures. This is because, at smaller loads, the fuel consumption is less, which gives rise to reduced emissions at higher loads. After all, more fuel consumption leads to higher emissions [9, 15]. The carbon monoxide is reduced for the CeO2, MgO, and Al2O3 nanoparticles mixed in WCO biodiesel (B20) while it is analyzed against the pure diesel. The mixing of nanoparticles supports both the processes (atomization/vaporization) of biodiesel with good mixing of fuel that helps to develop a considerable reduction in CO emissions [15].
Fig. 15 Carbon monoxide variation with load for WCO biodiesel mixed with nanomaterials. |
3.5 Influence of WCO biodiesel blend dispersed with nanomaterials on HC
The hydrocarbons (HC) w.r.t. load for pure diesel, WCO biodiesel, and various nanoparticles (CeO2, MgO, and Al2O3) blends, viz., B20C30, B20M30, B20A30, B20C40, B20M40, and B20A40, is exhibited in Figure 16. From Figure 16, it is noticed that the HC emissions improved with enhancement in load because of the rich air-fuel mixture and poor oxygen resulting from engine operation [10, 11, 17]. The unburnt hydrocarbons reduced for the CeO2, MgO, and Al2O3 nanomaterials added with WCO biodiesel (B20) fuel over the pure diesel. The addition of nanomaterials to WCO biodiesel fuel reduces unburnt hydrocarbon emissions. This is due to a greater amount of oxygen, which improves the oxidation of hydrocarbons in the biodiesel oil [10, 11].
Fig. 16 Hydrocarbons variation with load for WCO biodiesel mixed with nanomaterials. |
3.6 Influence of WCO biodiesel blend dispersed with nanomaterials on NOx
The nitrogen oxides w.r.t. load for pure diesel, WCO biodiesel, various nanoparticles (CeO2, MgO, and Al2O3) blends viz., B20C30, B20M30, B20A30, B20C40, B20M40, and B20A40 are shown in Figure 17. From the illustration of Figure 17, an increase in NOx emissions is noticed with an increment in the load. This is attributed to an increase in combustion temperature, an increase in the amount of oxygen, and a rapid reaction [10, 11, 13, 17]. In comparison to pure diesel, the WCO biodiesel having CeO2, MgO, and Al2O3 added to it (interaction of nanomaterials with biodiesel air would improve the oxidation process during combustion) enhances the ignition quality of the biodiesel, and as a result, it shows an improvement in the heat release rate that is associated with an increase in the temperature of the exhaust gas, which leads to a higher level of NOx emissions [11, 13, 17].
Fig. 17 NOx variation with load for WCO biodiesel mixed with nanomaterials. |
3.7 Influence of WCO biodiesel blend dispersed with nanomaterials on Smoke opacity
Figure 18 presents the smoke opacity w.r.t. load for pure diesel, WCO biodiesel, and various nanoparticles (CeO2, MgO, and Al2O3) blends viz., B20C30, B20M30, B20A30, B20C40, B20M40, B20A40. The increase in smoke opacity that is noticed with a load increment is shown in Figure 18. This is due to the fact of improvement in fuel consumption and the rich air-fuel mixture that is observed [5, 15]. Despite the influence of CeO2, MgO, and Al2O3, there has been a reduction in smoke as a result of a higher surface-to-volume ratio, and there has also been an improvement in ignition qualities [5, 15].
Fig. 18 Smoke opacity variation with load for WCO biodiesel mixed with nanomaterials. |
4 Conclusions
In this article, the comparative experimentation on the performance and emissions of a CI engine running with diesel and WCO biodiesel (B20) mixed with Cerium oxide, Magnesium oxide, and Aluminium oxide nanomaterials of 30 ppm and 40 ppm dosages has been done. The subsequent conclusions drawn from the present experimentation are given below:
-
The BTEis improved by increasing the addition of nanomaterials, which increases from 24.6% to 26.01%, 27.43%, and 28.1% for B20C40, B20M40, and B20A40, respectively. The SFC decreased by increasing the addition of nanomaterials which decreased from 0.38 kg/KWh to 0.35 kg/KWh, 0.34 kg/KWh, and 0.34 kg/KWh for B20C40, B20M40, and B20A40 respectively. The mechanical efficiency which increases from 41.96% to 47.73%, 49.22%, 49.24%, for B20C40, B20M40, B20A40, respectively (Figs. 12–14).
-
The reduction in CO, HC, and Smoke Opacity is observed for increasing the nanomaterials dosage. The CO reduces from 0.04% to 0.032%, 0.033%, and 0.029%, for B20C40, B20M40, B20A40, respectively, HC reduces from 70 ppm to 64 ppm, 63 ppm, 64 ppm, for B20C40, B20M40, and B20A40, respectively, and Smoke Opacity reduced from 5.5% to 4.1%, 4.1%, 4.9%, for B20C40, B20M40, and B20A40, respectively (Figs. 15, 16, 18).
-
The nitrogen oxides for Diesel, B20C40, B20M40, and B20A40, are 440 ppm, 515 ppm, 526 ppm, and 543 ppm, respectively (Fig. 17).
In a nutshell, the experimental test results show that the inclusion of cerium oxide (CeO2), magnesium oxide (MgO), and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanomaterials at 30 ppm and 40 ppm dosages in 20% WCO nanoparticles improved considerably the performance emission of the CI engine when compared to that of diesel. It is possible to draw the conclusion that adding nanomaterials at higher dosages enhances the CI engine’s performance and emissions.
Acknowledgments
The authors further acknowledge “Platonic Nano Tech” Pvt. Ltd., India, and “Nano Research Lab,” Jemshedpur, India.
Funding
Vision Group on Science and Technology (VGST), Bengaluru, 560001, Karnataka, India has been supported financially under the scheme “Research Grant for Scientist/Faculty (RGS/F)” (Letter No. KSTePS/VGST/RGS-F/GRDNo.980/2020-21/104, dated-26/08/2021).
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All Tables
All Figures
Fig. 1 Block diagram for biodiesel production. |
|
In the text |
Fig. 2 Biodiesel production process. |
|
In the text |
Fig. 3 XRD picture of Cerium oxide. |
|
In the text |
Fig. 4 XRD picture of Magnesium oxide. |
|
In the text |
Fig. 5 XRD picture of Aluminum oxide. |
|
In the text |
Fig. 6 TEM picture of Cerium oxide. |
|
In the text |
Fig.7 TEM picture of Magnesium oxide. |
|
In the text |
Fig. 8 TEM picture of Aluminum oxide. |
|
In the text |
Fig. 9 Equipment used for the mixing of nanomaterials with biodiesel. a) Sonicator; b) Magnetic stirrer. |
|
In the text |
Fig. 10 Photograph of a) Engine test rig and b) Instrumentation part. |
|
In the text |
Fig. 11 Photograph of emission analyzer. |
|
In the text |
Fig. 12 BTE variation with load for WCO biodiesel mixed with nanomaterials. |
|
In the text |
Fig. 13 SFC variation with load for WCO biodiesel mixed with nanomaterials. |
|
In the text |
Fig. 14 Mechanical efficiency variation with load for WCO biodiesel mixed with nanomaterials. |
|
In the text |
Fig. 15 Carbon monoxide variation with load for WCO biodiesel mixed with nanomaterials. |
|
In the text |
Fig. 16 Hydrocarbons variation with load for WCO biodiesel mixed with nanomaterials. |
|
In the text |
Fig. 17 NOx variation with load for WCO biodiesel mixed with nanomaterials. |
|
In the text |
Fig. 18 Smoke opacity variation with load for WCO biodiesel mixed with nanomaterials. |
|
In the text |
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