Issue |
Sci. Tech. Energ. Transition
Volume 80, 2025
Innovative Strategies and Technologies for Sustainable Renewable Energy and Low-Carbon Development
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | 44 | |
Number of page(s) | 11 | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.2516/stet/2025024 | |
Published online | 08 July 2025 |
Regular Article
Low-carbon and economic optimization of a source-load-storage system based on Stackelberg game and chance constraints
1
State Grid Sichuan Economic and Technological Research Institute, Chengdu 610095, Sichuan Province, PR China
2
Sichuan New Electric Power System Research Institute, Chengdu 610095, Sichuan Province, PR China
* Corresponding author: ccntlc1@163.com
Received:
10
December
2024
Accepted:
12
May
2025
As energy demand grows and environmental pollution increases, low-carbon development has become a key focus in energy systems. To address the conflicting interests of the Source-Load-Storage System (SLSS), while also considering environmental benefits, this paper proposes an optimization model for the low-carbon economy of SLSS based on Stackelberg game theory and opportunity constraints. First, to ensure low carbon emissions and environmental protection, the carbon emissions of each entity in SLSS are constrained by a reward-penalty laddering carbon trading mechanism. Additionally, a demand response strategy is introduced on the user side, which accounts for both price and carbon compensation incentives. Next, considering the autonomy of the entities in SLSS, a decision-making model is developed based on the Stackelberg game. In this game-theoretic framework, the Power Management Operator acts as the leader, whereas the Power Generation Operator, Energy Storage Operator, and User serve as followers. This model also outlines the low-carbon interaction mechanisms among the various entities of SLSS. Finally, the model is solved using an improved particle swarm algorithm combined with the Gurobi optimization tool. Simulation results effectively validate the proposed model and method, showing that SLSS can rationally adjust its strategy within the low-carbon framework while balancing economic and environmental considerations.
Key words: Stackelberg game / Chance constraint programming / Source-load-storage / Low-carbon operation / The reward and penalty laddering-type carbon trading
© The Author(s), published by EDP Sciences, 2025
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while.