Application of various machine learning algorithms in view of predicting the CO2 emissions in the transportation sector | Science and Technology for Energy Transition (STET)

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Table 1

Previous literature summary dealing with the forecasting of transportation-based energy and carbon emissions.

Reference	Region	Sector	Model	Dataset scale	Input	Output	Evaluation metrics
[32]	China	Transportation	PSO+GM	1990–2017	Historical CO₂ emissions	CO₂	APE and MAPE
[33]	China	Transportation	MFO-ELM, PSO-ELM, CSO-SVM, PSO-SVM, PSO-BPNN, ELM, SVM, BPNN, and LSTM	2000–2017	13 different inputs	CO₂	MAE, MAPE, RMSE, and SMAPE
[34]	Thailand	Transportation	Log-linear regression, path analysis, time series, and curve estimation	1989–2011	Population, GDP, and registered vehicles	CO₂	MAPE
[35]	Different countries	Transportation	OLS, SVM, and GBR	1960–2020	Historical CO₂ emissions	CO₂	R ², MAE, rRMSE, and MAPE
[10]	Türkiye	Transportation	ANN, DL, SVM, and curve estimation	1970–2016	GDP, population, vehicle kilometers, and year	CO₂ and energy demand	R ², RMSE, MAPE, MBE, rRMSE, and MABE
[36]	Iranian	All sectors	ARIMA and GM	1965–2010	Historical CO₂ emissions	CO₂	RMSE, MAE, and MAPE
[37]	China	Cement industry	Hybrid GM	2018–2030	Historical CO₂ emissions	CO₂	MAPE, RMSE, MAE
[38]	China	Industrial, building, transport, and agricultural sectors	CKC, and LMDI	1998–2015	Energy resources and GDP	CO₂	R ²
[39]	China and India	Transportation, Building, Waste, and Manufacturing/Construction	DGM	2009–2017	Historical CO₂ emissions	CO₂	MAPE, NMAPE, and RMSE
[40]	India	All sectors	EO, MPA, LSA, SOS, and BSA	1980–2018	Energy and economic indexes	All GHG emissions	R ², MBE, rRMSE, and MAPE
[41]	China, the United States, and India	–	ARIMA, BPNN, and MNGM	1990–2018	Historical CO₂ emissions	CO₂	MAPE, MSE, and MSPE
[42]	India	Agricultural	SARIMAX, SVR, and H-W	1961–2018	Historical CO₂ emissions	CO₂	MAPE, and MSE
[15]	Türkiye	Energy	DL, SVM, and ANN	1990–2018	Electricity production-based inputs	All GHG emissions	MBE, RMSE, rRMSE, R ², and MAPE
[43]	Türkiye	Energy	ARIMA	1970–2015	Energy production-based inputs	CO₂	–
[44]	Türkiye	Energy	Empirical model	2001–2008	Electricity production-based inputs	CO₂	r
[45]	Taiwan	Transportation	GM	1990–2006	Motor vehicle numbers	Energy consumption, and CO₂	E
[46]	Türkiye	All sectors	GM	1999–2009	Historical CO₂ emissions	CO₂	E
[27]	Türkiye	Transportation	ABC	1970–2013	GDP, vehicle number, population,	Energy demand	R ², MAE, RMS, and AE
[47]	Türkiye	Tourism	Empirical models	1960–2014	Tourist arrivals, energy consumption, and economic growth	CO₂	E
[48]	Türkiye	All sectors	GWO-ANN	1990–2011	GDP, renewable energy production, energy consumption, population, and urbanization rate	GHG	RE, RMSE, MAE, U-statistic, R, and NSE
[49]	China	Transportation	SVR	1973–2017	GDP, energy intensity, energy consumption, population, urbanization rate, and proportion of the secondary industry	CO₂	MSE

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