Regular Article

An adaptive NRLF with PQV and P/Q buses for loss minimization and voltage stability improvement of optimally reconfigured and DG integrated radial distribution systems

¹ Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, UP, India
² Department of Electrical Engineering, Rajkiya Engineering College, Ambedkar Nagar, UP 224122, India
³ Department of Electrical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Siwan, Bihar 841226, India

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Received: 20 November 2024
Accepted: 12 February 2026

Abstract

This paper proposes an adaptive Newton-Raphson Load Flow (NRLF) method and a multi-objective function for loss minimization and Voltage Stability (VS) enhancement of Radial Distributed System (RDS) in the presence of PQV and P/Q buses. Enhancement in VS of the network is presented in terms of maximum loadability. In the presence of two novel sets of buses, generation bus (i.e., P/Q-bus) and remotely controlled bus (i.e., PQV-bus), optimal DG integration and network reformation in RDS is also presented in this paper. The specified or known quantity for the P/Q bus is only active/reactive power generation. For the PQV bus, the known quantities are Watt and VAr power generations together with the voltage magnitude to be maintained by the generation bus (i.e., P/Q-bus). A multi-objective function is proposed here for P/Q-bus selection, optimal DG integration, and network reformation of RDS. Simulations have been carried out on IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus RDS to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Also, the simulation findings are compared with those of relevant peers in the literature to justify the validity of the proposed work.