Open Access
Table 1
Rolling resistance coefficients for various road types [32].
| Road condition | μrr | Road surface | μrr |
|---|---|---|---|
| Smooth tarmac road | 0.01 | Wet ice | 0.1 |
| Concrete road | 0.011 | Dry ice/snow | 0.2 |
| Rolled gravel road | 0.02 | Dry clay | 0.5–0.6 |
| Tarmacadam road | 0.025 | Wet rolled gravel | 0.3–0.5 |
| Unpaved road | 0.05 | Dry rolled gravel | 0.6–0.7 |
| Fields | 0.1–0.35 | Wet asphalt | 0.6 |
| Loose sand | 0.15–0.3 | Wet concrete | 0.6 |
| Concrete/asphalt road | 0.006–0.01 | Dry asphalt | 0.9 |
| Wheel on iron rail | 0.001–0.002 | Dry concrete | 0.9 |
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