Open Access
Table 2
The equations used to predict fuel properties [74–77].
| Property | Formula | Definitions |
|---|---|---|
| Acid Value |
|
AV: The acid value, v: The volume of the titer solution, b: The blank volume, w: The mass of the oil. |
| Free Fatty Acid |
|
FFA: Free Fatty Acid. |
| Molecular Weight | MW = 3 · AMWFA + WGB | AMWFA: The Average Molecular Weight of all Fatty Acids, WGB: Weight of Glycerol Backbone. |
| Saponification Number |
|
SN: Saponification Number, A i : The percentage of each component in the FAME. |
| Iodine Value |
|
IV: Iodine Value, C DB: The number of double bonds of each FAME. |
| Cetane Number |
|
CN: The Cetane Number of FAME. |
| Higher Heating Value | HHV = 49.43 − [0.041 · SV + 0.015 · IV] | HHV: The Higher Heating Value of FAME. |
| Cloud Point | CP = 0.526 · (C16:0) − 4.992 | CP: The Cloud Point of FAME. |
| Long Chain Saturated Factor | LCSF = 0.1 · (C16:0) + 0.5 · (C18:0) + (C20:0) + 1.5 · (C22:0) + 2 · (C24:0) | LCSF: The Long Chain Saturated Factor of FAME. |
| Cold Filter Plugging Point | CFPP = 3.1417 · LCSF − 16.477 | CFPP: The Cold Filter Plugging Point. |
| Density |
|
D: The density of FAME. |
| Degree of Unsaturation |
|
DU: The degree of unsaturation parameter, MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids. |
| Oxidation Stability |
|
OS: The Oxidation Stability of FAME. |
| Kinematic viscosity | ln(η i ) = −12.503 + [2.496 · ln(MW i )] − (0.178 · N s ) | ln(η i ): The kinematic viscosity of FAME, N s : The number of double bonds in the monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. |
| Pour Point | PP = 0.571 · C16:0 − 12.24 | PP: The Pour Point of FAME. |
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