Coordinating the Deployment of Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage | Science and Technology for Energy Transition (STET)

The Role of Negative Emissions Technologies in 2050 Decarbonation Pathways

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Table 1

Bioenergy.

Issue	Interdependencies	Stakeholders	Suboptimal market equilibrium	Policy recommendations in the literature	Sources
1. Large enough supply of biomass	BECCS projects rely on the provision of large enough biomass supplies, but there is a locational and economic disconnect between regions with biomass potential and regions with CCS projects. International biomass trade would have to scale up	Countries with biomass production potential Companies that invest in BECCS plants Farmers	Without economic incentives, failure to allocate marginal lands to energy crop production in developing countries	International financial incentives such as: Clean development mechanisms An international negative emissions market Sustained investment through aid programs	[39, 40, 66, 80]
			Uncertainty over how trade and markets will develop	NA	[8, 17, 81]
			NA	No restriction to market mechanisms if side effects do not exceed the cost of market restrictions	[35]
2. Infrastructure deployment	The deployment of large-scale biomass supply chains may benefit from infrastructure sharing – due to technological learning and economies of scale. Ergo, biomass producers and transportation operators need to cooperate	Farmers Biomass transportation operators Bioenergy processing firms	Suboptimal infrastructure deployment due to lack of cooperationFree-riding behavior	Financial and institutional conditions that minimize the risks of investment and facilitate dissemination	[82]
3. Sustainable biomass production	Environmental side-effects will be mostly borne by the biomass producing countries, while the negative emissions production will probably be attributed to the CCS project countries	Countries with biomass production potential Countries with CCS projects Companies that invest in BECCS plants Farmers Local population	Unfair distribution of the costs and impacts of BECCS, in particular in countries where institutions are weak. Negative externalities may include: Marginalization of poor local populations due to land use and land grabbing Resource competition (land, energy, water…) Deforestation, biodiversity reduction	Define a set of ‘system-level’ indicators to assess unintended negative consequences	[19]
				International sustainable biomass certification mechanism	[11, 19, 20, 42, 43, 83–85]
				Public oversight and an independent judiciary “[…] could play a role in some countries, but they may not be effective everywhere” [40]	[37, 39, 40]

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