Open Access
Table 1
Comparison between existing state-of-the-art SSR mitigation techniques and the proposed BESSDC, emphasizing their key limitations and the novel contributions introduced in this study.
| Technique | Main features/control strategy | Key limitations | Distinctive advantages of proposed BESSDC |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional stabilizer & filter-based methods (PSS, phase-shifting stabilizers, notch/band-pass filters) [4, 8] | Introduces phase lead or lag to counter subsynchronous modes; low-cost and simple to implement. | Limited bandwidth; requires precise tuning; ineffective under variable wind speeds; may induce new oscillatory modes if detuned. | BESSDC uses adaptive UPSO-tuned parameters and WAMS-based SDS, providing broadband damping without retuning. |
| FACTS-based controllers (SSSC, STATCOM, UPFC, TCSC) [9–12] | Provides dynamic reactive compensation and controllable damping through auxiliary damping signals; rapid response due to power electronics. | High capital and maintenance costs; complex coordination; vulnerable to control interactions; not scalable for large wind farms. | BESSDC offers equivalent damping capability using existing BESS hardware with lower cost and simpler integration. |
| DFIG converter-integrated controls(RSC/GSC-based LQR, LQG, H∞, fuzzy, lead–lag) [13–18] | Embeds damping within DFIG converters using advanced control laws; reduces dependency on external devices. | Increases converter stress and computational load; performance degrades under wide operating range; lacks global optimization. | BESSDC offloads damping duty to the BESS system, minimizing stress on DFIG converters while ensuring robust multi-condition stability. |
| SMES/STATCOM-assisted damping (SMES-STATCOM, BESS-STATCOM hybrids [19, 21–24] | Enhances grid stiffness; provides high-power fast response for oscillation damping. | Technically challenging; costly cryogenic or hybrid systems; restricted field use. | BESSDC makes advantage of easily scalable and affordable Li-ion-based BESS technology. |
| BESS-based damping (existing studies) (basic frequency or power damping control) [6, 25] | Utilizes BESS active power modulation for oscillation suppression and flexible control. | Conventional tuning has a narrow emphasis on SSRs, is only useful for a single operating point, and lacks eigenvalue-based robustness evaluation. | The suggested BESSDC ensures reliable SSR and torsional damping under various grid situations by offering eigenvalue-based multi-condition evaluation and optimum tuning via UPSO. |
| Proposed BESSDC (this work) | UPSO-optimized BESS controller with m-state lead–lag SDS integrated into d–q axis; uses WAMS feedback for global observability; dual-purpose damping for SSR and droop-induced oscillations. | – |
✔Integrated reduction of SSR and torsional oscillations. ✔Strong multi-condition stability (via UPSO). ✔Mitigation of converter stress. ✔Economical and scalable. ✔Confirmed using eigenvalue and time-domain analysis. |
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