Thermal management of Li-ion batteries in electric vehicles by nanofluid-filled loop heat pipes | Science and Technology for Energy Transition (STET)

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Table 1

Main experimental studies on BTMS including LHPs.

Year	Author	Capillary structure	Working fluid	Heat load	Heat flux (W/cm²)	Cooling temperature	Evaporator temperature (°C)	Thermal resistance (K/W)
2015	Hong et al. [10]	Grooves	Water	20–80 W	0.06–0.4	25 °C–30 °C	32–58 °C	0.13–0.53
2016	Putra et al. [11]	Grooves+1 screen 300 mesh	Water	20, 40, 82 W	0.48, 0.96, 1.96	28 °C	36–60 °C	0.45–0.8
			Alcohol				37–50 °C	0.30–0.85
			Acetone				25–50 °C	0.22–0.4
2018	Ariantara et al. [12]	Sintered copper powder	nc	20, 30, 40 W	nc	28 °C	45–65 °C	nc
2021	Bernagozzi et al. [13]	Porous wick	Water	Up to 150 W	nc	5–20 °C	32 °C	nc
2021	Bernagozzi et al. [13]	Porous wick	Ethanol	Up to 150 W	nc	5–20 °C	32 °C	nc
2021	Bernagozzi et al. [14]	Porous wick	Novec 649	Up to 140 W (dissipated from the battery)	nc	20 °C	Up to 60 °C with ethanol	nc
2021	Bernagozzi et al. [14]	Porous wick	Ethanol	Up to 40 W (received by the LHP)	nc	20 °C	Up to 47 °C with Novec 649	nc
2022	Hashimoto et al. [16]	Grooves and porous wick	R134a	Up to 80 W	nc	−20 °C–20 °C	Up to 70 °C	0.1–1.0

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