The industrial-grade hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed oil biodiesel application in a diesel engine: combustion, harmful pollutants, and performance characteristics | Science and Technology for Energy Transition (STET)

Open Access

Table 6

Overall comparison of the present findings with other previously conducted researches.

Parameter	Present study	Uyumaz [63]	Uyumaz et al. [141]	Das et al. [142]	Sarıdemir and Ağbulut [3]	Tayari et al. [143]	Uyumaz [8]	Ashok et al. [127]	Asokan et al. [62]	Asokan et al. [58]	Dhar and Agarwal [86]	Raman et al. [144]
Base fuel	Diesel fuel	Diesel fuel	Diesel fuel	Diesel fuel	Diesel fuel	Diesel fuel	Diesel fuel	Diesel fuel	Diesel fuel	Diesel fuel	Diesel fuel	Diesel fuel
Raw material used in the biodiesel production	Hemp seed oil	Linseed oil	Poppy seed oil	Castor oil	Cottonseed oil	Eruca sativa seed oil	Mustard seed oil	Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil	Juliflora seed oil	Mixing of papaya and watermelon seed oils (50:50 ratio)	Karanja seed oil	Rapeseed oil
Types of test fuel	As a pure form and binary blends	As binary blends	As binary blends	As binary blends	As binary blends	As binary blends	As binary blends	As a pure form and binary blends	As a pure form and binary blends	As a pure form and binary blends	As a pure form and binary blends	As a pure form and binary blends
Proportions	5, 10, 20, and 100%	10, 20, and 30%	10 and 20%	5, 10, and 20%	10, 20, and 50%	2, 5, 10, 15, and 20%	10, 20, and 30%	30, 60, and 100%	20, 30, 40, and 100%	20, 30, 40, and 100%	5, 10, 20, 50, and 100%	25, 50, 75, and 100%
Type of test engine	Single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, naturally-aspirated, DI diesel engine	Single-cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled, naturally-aspirated, DI diesel engine	Single-cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled, naturally-aspirated, DI diesel engine	Single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, naturally-aspirated, DI diesel engine	Single-cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled, naturally-aspirated, DI diesel engine	Single-cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled, naturally-aspirated, DI diesel engine	Single-cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled, naturally-aspirated, DI diesel engine	Single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, naturally-aspirated, DI diesel engine	Single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, naturally-aspirated, DI diesel engine	Single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, naturally-aspirated, DI diesel engine	Four-cylinder in line, four-stroke, water-cooled, naturally-aspirated, DI diesel engine	Single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, naturally-aspirated, DI diesel engine
Test conditions	– Various engine loads of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%	– Various engine loads of 3.75, 7.5, 11.25, 15, and 18.75 Nm	– Various engine loads of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%	– Various engine loads of 0, 0.87, 1.76, 2.63, and 3.5 kW	– Various engine loads of 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 Nm	– No load and full load	– Various engine loads of 3.75, 7.5, 11.25, 15, and 18.75 Nm	– Various engine loads of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%	– Various engine loads of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%	– Various engine loads of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%	– Various engine speeds of 1200, 1500, 1800, 2100, 2400, and 2600 rpm with varying loads (up to 6.8 bar brake mean effective pressure)	– Various engine loads (up to 5.81 kW)
Test conditions	– At constant engine speed of 1500 rpm	– At maximum brake torque speed of 2200 rpm	– At constant engine speed of 2200 rpm	– At constant engine speed of 1500 rpm	– At constant engine speed of 1500 rpm	– Various engine speeds from 2000 to 3000 rpm	– At maximum brake torque speed of 2200 rpm	– At constant engine speed of 1500 rpm	– At constant engine speed of 1500 rpm	– At constant engine speed of 1500 rpm		– At constant engine speed of 1500 rpm
BTE	↓	↓ (Indicated thermal efficiency)	↓ (Indicated thermal efficiency)	↑	Not available	Not available	↓ (İndicated thermal efficiency)	↓	↓	↓	Almost identical at higher loads	↓
BSFC	↑	↑	↑	↓	↑	↑ (Fuel consumption)	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑
BSEC	↑	Not available	Not available	Not available	Not available	Not available	Not available	↑	Not available	Not available	Not available	Not available
EGT	↑	Not available	Not available	↓	↓	↓	Not available	Not available	↓	↑	Not available	↑
NO_X	↑	↑	↑	↑ (for NO)	Not available	↓	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑
CO₂	↑	↑	↑	Not available	Not available	↑	↑	Not available	Not available	Not available	Not available	Not available
CO	↓	↓	↓	↓	Not available	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓
UHC	↓	Not available	Not available	↓	Not available	↓	Not available	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓
O₂	↑	Not available	Not available	Not available	Not available	Not available	Not available	Not available	Not available	Not available	Not available	Not available
Smoke opacity	↓	↓	↓	Not available	Not available	Not available	↓	↓	↑	↓	↓	↑
CP_max	↓	↑	↑	↑ at higher loads	↑	Not available	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓
PRR_max	Almost similar	Not available	Not available	Not available	↓	Not available	Not available	Not available	Not available	Not available	↓	Not available
HRR_max	↓	↑	↑	Not available	↓	Not available	↑	↓	↓	↓	↑	↓
IDP	↑	↑	↑	Not available	↑	Not available	↑	↓	Not available	Not available	Not available	↑
CHR_max	↓	Not available	Not available	Not available	Not available	Not available	↑	Not available	↑	Not available	Not available	Not available

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