Open Access
Review
Table 3
Power quality improvement using AI techniques.
| Ref. | Issues | Mitigation techniques used | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| [111] | Power quality issues due to active/reactive power changes and grid voltage sag in HRES. | PSO-based PI controllers (offline and online tuning). | Online PSO-based PI controllers reduced ITAE by 15.24% and current THD by 5.32%, achieving the lowest error and THD among the different techniques. |
| [112] | Power quality issues in a three-phase grid-connected inverter under voltage sag conditions. | PSO-based tuning of PR controller. | PSO-based control parameter tuning produces high-quality output grid voltage and current waveforms, achieving a very low current THD of 0.59% when PR control parameters are tuned using PSO. |
| [113] | Current control instability in 3-phase PV grid-connected systems under dynamic isolation changes. | PSO-based self-tuning linear current controller with SVPWM. | Achieved fast dynamic response with sinusoidal grid phase voltage and line current. THD was reduced to 0.38%, well below the 5% limit in IEEE Std 1547-2003. |
| [114] | Power fluctuations and harmonic distortion in microgrid operation during load changes. | PSO-based optimal PI controller for DG units. | Reduced THD from 14.26% (non-optimized) to 11.76%. The system exhibited fewer power fluctuations, improved voltage stability, and faster response. |
| [40] | Unbalanced and distorted three-phase supply voltages and load currents in a power distribution network. | PSO-based state feedback controller for UPQC. | Maintained THD for source currents and load voltages within permissible limits (<5%) under varying conditions. Improved robustness and performance compared to LQR-based controllers. |
| [58] | High THD levels in a grid-connected 100 kW PV system under varying solar irradiation. | Fractional Order PI controller tuned using Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO). | THD was reduced to 4.42% at 600 W/m2, 2.39% at 800 W/m2, and 1.22% at 1000 W/m2, meeting IEEE standards (<5%). DC link voltage stabilized at 1450V. |
| [115] | High harmonic content under non-linear and unbalanced load conditions in a hybrid renewable energy grid-connected system. | Hybrid Shunt Active Power Filter (HSHAPF) optimized with GWO-based Fractional Order PI controller. | THD reduced from 27.43% (without filter) to 1.74% when GWO-tuned HSHAPF is used, with a good power factor improvement. |
| [116] | High THD in supply current, poor dynamic response in SAPF | ACO-based optimization of PI controller for SAPF | THD was reduced to 3.85%, 2.92%, and 3.49% for phases A, B, and C, respectively. Settling time improved with ACO (287 ms vs. 1140 ms using conventional PI). |
| [117] | Voltage distortion and high THD in autonomous microgrid | ACO-tuned controller with synchronous reference frame PI control | THD reduced from 35.43% to 4.63%. Voltage regulation improved with V-f control in islanding mode. |
| [78] | High harmonic distortion and overshoots during DG injection or disconnection; poor power sharing. | Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA)-based controller. | Compared to the PSO-based controller, the GOA-based controller reduced the overshoot in active power from 180% to 94.4% and load power overshoot from 108.5% to 12.96%, significantly improving dynamic response. |
| [79] | Harmonic distortion, voltage instability, and reactive power issues in MG due to RES variability. | Adaptive Switched Filter Compensator (ASFC) with GOA-tuned PID controller. | The proposed ASFC achieved a Voltage THD of 1.19% when compared with 3.79% for the traditional SFC, significantly reducing the processing time. |
| [86] | Voltage and frequency regulation in an autonomous microgrid during load changes and island mode operation. | Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm (BFOA) |
The proposed power control strategy successfully regulated the voltage to 220 V and the frequency to 50 Hz after a short transient (voltage regulation achieved after 0.3s, frequency regulation after 0.4s). |
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