Open Access
Review
Table 3
Summary of the related works based on the camera-based models for daylight artificial light integration.
| Literature | System and control strategy | Photometric measurement | Performance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Budhiyanto and Chiou (2022) | System: LCS uses LabVIEW with real-time high dynamic range images and a digital multiplex controller to brighten lamps sequentially to provide visual comfort. | Save 73–82% of electricity; The presence of daylight does not always result in more energy savings, since visual comfort needs to be considered | |
| Varghese et al. (2019b, 2022) | System: Daylight Artificial light integrated scheme with Venetian window blind and dimmable LED luminaires; Control: maximize daylight, reduce glare, and maintain desired illuminance; fuzzy control algorithm (tuned for real-time) taking inputs from image | Maintained illuminance (lux) in the workplace with 5% with uniformity of 0.94; Seasonal energy savings, in comparison with uncontrolled lighting scheme | |
| Kim et al. (2020) | System: Window Shading control based on exterior Luminance; Sensor: HDRI-based camera sensor for Window, occupant positioned HDRI sensor in the interior, photometers (2) to measure vertical illuminance; Control: Automation of the roller shades using sun position and exterior Luminance data. Uniformity in interior illuminance with DGP index less than 0.3. | HDRI sensor as a luminance measuring device; calibration factor not addressed; DGP index-based glare source detection; Determining a practical luminance threshold for HDRI-based control is suggested as future work; A sensor with a wider dynamic range is suggested to capture high luminance | Successful in detecting location, size, and brightness of glare source; Exterior Luminance used for control; Not used for lighting control with specific luminance value and glare position identification |
| Mead and Mosalam (2017) | System: Automated full luminance distribution measurement; Sensor: RPiCM ; Control: Not Addressed | Luminance measurement with 20% error; RPi camera requires vignetting correction; Range of luminance variation is measured to identify the luminance distribution | To improve the quality of HDR image, exposure sequence needs to be specified individually for each test case. |
| Caicedo and Pandharipande (2016) | System: Daylight –Artificial Light scheme; Sensors: Conventional Photosensors and occupancy sensor; Control: Inner loop with PI controller for ceiling sensors and outer loop to recalibrate the controller setpoints. | Multiple Ceiling sensors, work plane sensors at each zone; Calibration – the ratio of measured illuminance at ceiling and workspace sensor | Provided net illuminance above desired level; Out of the 8 workspaces considered 4 could achieve above target illuminance |
| Liu et al. (2016) | System: Artificial light control; Sensor: Light sensors and motion sensors; Control: Fuzzy logic control, integrated with PI control for lighting comfort and minimizing energy consumption. | Light sensors located on the working table; Glare not addressed | With 300 lx illuminance level; 3% difference between measured and reference illuminance; 57% energy saving is estimated |
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