Understanding the performance, emissions, and combustion behaviors of a DI diesel engine using alcohol/hemp seed oil biodiesel/diesel fuel ternary blends: Influence of long-chain alcohol type and concentration | Science and Technology for Energy Transition (STET)

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Table 5

Comparison of alcohol addition to biodiesel–diesel mixture.

Parameter	Present study	[41]	[63]	[66]	[67]	[83]	[91]	[92]	[93]	[94]	[95]
Type of test engine	1-cylinder, 4-stroke, water-cooled, naturally aspirated	1-cylinder, 4-stroke, air-cooled, naturally aspirated	1-cylinder, 4-stroke, air-cooled, naturally aspirated	1-cylinder, 4-stroke, air-cooled, naturally aspirated	1-cylinder, 4-stroke, naturally aspirated	1-cylinder, 4-stroke, water-cooled, naturally aspirated	1-cylinder, 4-stroke, water-cooled, naturally aspirated	1-cylinder, 4-stroke, air-cooled, naturally aspirated	4-cylinder, 4-stroke, water-cooled, naturally aspirated	1-cylinder, 4-stroke, air-cooled, naturally aspirated	1-cylinder, 4-stroke, water-cooled, naturally aspirated
Test conditions	25%, 50%, 75% and 100% engine loads 1500 rpm constant engine speed	At constant engine speed of 3000 rpm at engine loads of 0 W, 500 W, 750 W, 1000 W and 1250 W	1500 rpm at constant engine speed At 0, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100% engine loads	Engine loads of −2.5 Nm, 5 Nm, 7.5 Nm and 10 Nm 1500 rpm at constant engine speed	1500 rpm at constant engine speed 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% engine loads	1500 rpm at constant engine speed At 0, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100% engine loads	1500 rpm at constant engine speed 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% engine loads	1500 rpm constant engine speed - 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% engine loads	1500 rpm at constant engine speed At 25%, 50% and 75% engine loads	0%, 25%, 50% and 75% engine loads 1500 rpm constant engine speed	0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% engine loads 1500 rpm constant engine speed
Reference fuel	Diesel	Diesel	Diesel	Diesel	Diesel	Diesel	Diesel	Diesel	Diesel	Diesel	Diesel
Biodiesel feedstock	Hemp seed	Safflower seed	Calophyllum inophyllum	Cottonseed	Jatropha	Waste sunflower oil	Calophyllum Inophyllum	Moringa oleifera	Safflower seed	Waste cooking oil	Pongamia and mahua oil
Alcohol type	Pentanol, hexanol and heptanol	Ethanol, iso-propanol, butanol and iso-pentanol	Pentanol and octanol	Methanol, ethanol and butanol	Pentanol	Pentanol and hexanol	Hexanol and decanol	Hexanol	Propanol, pentanol, butanol and octanol	Butanol, heptanol and octanol	Ethanol and heptanol
Fractions of alcohol (vol)	10, 20 and 30	10	10, 20, 30 and 40	10	10, 20, 30 and 40	5 and 10	30 and 40	5, 10 and 15	20	10	10 and 20
BSFC	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑
BSEC	↑	↑	↑	–	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑ Except 25% engine load	–	–
BMEP	↓	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
BTE	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↑ Except 25% engine load	↓	↓
EGT	↓	↓	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	↓	↓
NO_X	↓	↓	↑	↑	↓	↓	↑	↓	↓	↓	↑
CO₂	↑	↓	–	–	–	↑	–	↑	↓	↓	↑
CO	↓	↓	↓	↓	–	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓
HC	↓	↓	↓	↑	↓	↓	↓	↓	↑ Except for octanol	–	↓
O₂	↑	–		–	–	–	–	–	↑	↑
Smoke	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	–	↓	↓
ID	↑	↓	↑ pentanol	↑	↓	↓	↓	↓	–	↑	↑
CP_m	↓	↓	↓	↑	↓ Except 40%	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓
HRR_m	↓	↓	↓	↑	↓	↓	↓	–	↓	↑	↓
CHR_m	↓	–	–	–	–	–	↓	–	–	↓	–
FLP	↑	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
MGT_m	↓	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	↓	–	–

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