Open Access
Table 8
Carbon emission data from different energy sources in gCO2/kWh by IPCC.
| Options | Direct emissions |
Infrastructure and supply chain emissions | Biogenic CO2 emissions and albedo effect |
Lifecycle emissions (incl. albedo effect) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Min/Median/Max | Typical values | Min/Median/Max | ||
| Coal – PC | 670/760/870 | 9.6 | 0 | 740/820/910 |
| Gas – Combined Cycle | 350/370/490 | 1.6 | 0 | 410/490/650 |
| Biomass – cofiring | n.a. | – | – | 620/740/890 |
| Biomass – dedicated | n.a. | 210 | 27 | 130/230/420 |
| Geothermal | 0 | 45 | 0 | 6.0/38/79 |
| Hydropower | 0 | 19 | 0 | 1.0/24/2200 |
| Nuclear | 0 | 18 | 0 | 3.7/121110 |
| Concentrated Solar Power | 0 | 29 | 0 | 8.8/27/63 |
| Solar PV – rooftop | 0 | 42 | 0 | 26/41/60 |
| Solar PV – utility | 0 | 66 | 0 | 18/48/180 |
| Wind onshore | 0 | 15 | 0 | 7.0/11/56 |
| Wind offshore | 0 | 17 | 0 | 8.0/12/35 |
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