Table 2

Research gaps in existing models to be addressed through EnSym.

Model by author Point of improvement
Zhang et al. [57] Only regional (Tokyo area), does not account for the electricity grid.
Felgenhauer et al. [55, 56] Only regional (Freiburg (Germany) and Palo Alto (California), do not take into account the electricity grid.
Komiyama and Fujii [45] Only integrate one vehicle technology, not considering the electricity transmission grid to reduce computational complexity.
Taljegard et al. [47] Only integrate one vehicle technology, and their grid consists of only two regions (Scandinavia and Germany).

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