Evaluation of CO 2 enhanced oil recovery and CO 2 storage potential in oil reservoirs of petroliferous sedimentary basin, China

. Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technology has emerged as the bottom-line technology for achieving carbon neutrality goals in China. The development of Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery (CO 2 -EOR) not only increases revenue for high-investment CCUS projects but also enables permanent CO 2 storage in the oil reservoir. However, the basin is used as the research object to evaluate the CO 2 storage potential of the oil reservoir. The evaluation results are inaccurate and unable to support the implementation of later CCUS projects. Here, more accurate oil reservoir data is employed as the evaluation object. It is the ﬁ rst time at the national level to screen oil reservoirs to distinguish between CO 2 miscible and immiscible, and evaluate the potential of CO 2 -EOR and CO 2 storage in the reservoir. The research results show a total of 2570 suitable oil reservoirs in 4386 candidate oil reservoirs nationwide. About 1.26 billion tons of additional crude oil can be produced by CO 2 -EOR technology. This includes approximately 580 million tons of additional oil from CO 2 miscible ﬂ ooding and 680 million tons from CO 2 immiscible ﬂ ooding. The study further re ﬁ nes the CO 2 geological utilization data and provides a theoretical basis for CCUS project site selection in China.


Introduction
The impact of human activities on the climate system is definite, and global warming is probably having serious, widespread, and irreversible consequences [1]. To mitigate climate change, the "Paris Agreement" officially came into effect in November 2016, which means that the consensus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving global temperature rise by no more than 2°C than before industrialization and working towards 1.5°C is being gathered at the end of this century. At the general debate of the 75th Session of the United Nations General Assembly on September 22, 2020 China is willing to contribute more to the fight against climate change, as it aims to bring carbon emissions to a peak by 2030, and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. Climate change can be mitigated through three aspects: (i) improving energy efficiency, (ii) developing renewable energy [2], and (iii) deploying CCUS technology [3]. CCUS technology is regarded as an important part of the technology portfolio to achieve carbon neutrality. It is not only the main technical means to maintain the flexibility of the power system [4,5], but also a viable technical solution for industries that are difficult to reduce emissions, such as steel and cement. It is the bottom-line technology for achieving the goal of carbon neutrality in China [6].
Although CO 2 capture can be carried out in many places, for instance in power plants, steel plants, and cement plants, it is necessary to achieve permanent separation of CO 2 from the atmosphere in the end. Therefore, CO 2 storage is a key step in the CCUS industrial chain [7]. At present, CO 2 storage mainly includes mineral carbonization, ocean and geological storage [8]. The development of CO 2 geological storage is relatively mature and is considered an important way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change [9,10], including three main types, namely, oil and gas reservoirs, deep saline aquifers [11], and unmineable coal seams [12,13]. The oil reservoir is natural underground gas storage, because of its good airtight conditions, it can achieve long-term storage of CO 2 . At the same time, CO 2 -EOR technology has been proven to be one of the most effective technologies to increase oil production in oil fields [14][15][16]. The injection of CO 2 into the oil reservoir will achieve a significant increase in recovery efficiency, thereby achieving a win-win situation for CO 2 emission reduction and utilization [17].
However, not all oil reservoirs are suitable for implementing CO 2 -EOR technology, and CO 2 flooding is divided into miscible and immiscible flooding [18,19]. The current national level of CO 2 storage potential is mostly obtained by evaluating basins as the research object. There is a problem of inaccurate evaluation results, which cannot provide detailed data support for the follow-up of CCUS project implementation. Therefore, more detailed data on the geological utilization of CO 2 is urgently needed to solve the problems of CCUS project source-sink matching [20,21], CO 2 pipeline network optimization [22,23], and CCUS technology industry cluster development, especially data on the potential of CO 2 -EOR and CO 2 storage that can increase the revenue of the projects, as a basis for optimizing the layout of the CCUS technology industry.
Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to screen the reservoirs suitable for CO 2 -EOR and calculate the CO 2 storage potential of the reservoirs suitable for CO 2 -EOR in China. Based on the oil reservoir data that has been explored in China, this study answers the following three questions: (1) Which factors are included in the selection of reservoir criteria suitable for CO 2 -EOR; (2) Where are the major reservoirs suitable for CO 2 miscible and immiscible flooding; (3) How much oil production can be increased by CO 2 -EOR technology, and how much CO 2 can be effectively stored? Section 2 of this article reviews the literature related to the criteria for selecting reservoirs that can implement CO 2 -EOR, as well as the research on the potential of CO 2 -EOR and CO 2 storage in China's existing reservoirs. Section 3 summarizes the indicators for screening oil reservoirs, introduces the methods of reservoir CO 2 storage potential, and the compilation of reservoir data. Section 4 describes the evaluation results of this study. Finally, Section 5 concludes this paper.

Literature review
The selection of a suitable reservoir for CO 2 -EOR is a very important work in the early stages of a CO 2 -EOR project [24]. Whether the CO 2 flooding achieves successfully miscible displacement depends on the reservoir pressure and temperature, injected solvent and crude oil compositions [25]. Selecting suitable storage reservoirs can not only reduce the cost of CO 2 flooding and storage but also improve the safety of CO 2 storage and avoid the risk of CO 2 leakage [26]. Most studies summarize and generalize existing CO 2 -EOR projects to obtain reservoir suitability screening criteria. Holtz, Nance summarized parameters such as depth, crude oil specific gravity, and porosity of existing project reservoirs, established a decision tree for gas-flooding oil production reservoirs and quickly evaluated suitable CO 2 -EOR projects for wells in the Texas reservoir " [27]". In later studies, reservoir screening utilizing parameters such as crude oil gravity, reservoir temperature, and pressure, Minimum Miscibility Pressure (MMP), and residual oil saturation has become an effective method for rapid reservoir screening [28,29]. With the deepening of research, the screening criteria of the reservoir are continuously refined, which are divided into two screening criteria: miscible and immiscible flooding [30]. Shaw and Bachu [28] summarized 14 screening criteria, which can be used to quickly screen the reservoirs suitable for miscible flooding, and use the screening criteria to screen the reservoirs in Alberta, Canada. The study also points out that the criteria that have the greatest impact on screening are oil gravity, reservoir thickness, and MMP. Oil gravity, reservoir thickness, and MMP are pointed out as the indicators that have the greatest impact on screening in the above study. Whether the reservoir pressure is greater than MMP is considered to be the most significant factor to distinguish CO 2 miscible and immiscible flooding [30,31]. Zhang et al. [32] analysed the CO 2 storage capacity of 15,143 fields and showed that suitable CO 2 -EOR potential of miscible flooding in oil fields amounted to 6895 million barrels, with a CO 2 storage potential of about 5.2 Gt in Alberta, Canada. Qin et al. [15] reviewed and summarized the CO 2 -EOR project carried out in the United States from 2004 to 2014. The comparison and analysis of the application scale and reservoir adaptability of CO 2 miscible and immiscible flooding in the United States are carried out.
Rosiani et al. [33] developed a new simultaneous screening model using the interdependence of reservoir parameters. The proposed screening model is compared with 13 real projects to achieve rapid screening of miscible and immiscible flooding in reservoirs. Olukoga and Feng [34] exploited inputs of porosity, permeability, oil gravity and viscosity, reservoir pressure and temperature, MMP and depth parameters. Using a machine learning clustering approach, successfully executed miscible CO 2 flooding projects were classified into clusters of projects with similar fluid/reservoir characteristics. Lv et al. [35] added indicators reflecting economic benefits to the standards related to oil well production, forming a new method for selecting low-permeability reservoirs suitable for CO 2 flooding. The step screening method is proposed: technical screening, economic screening, fine feasibility evaluation, and recommendation of optimal gas flooding blocks. The above study proposes criteria and screening procedures for rapid reservoir screening utilizing existing projects around the world. These criteria provide screening criteria for the further study and evaluation of CO 2 miscible flooding and immiscible flooding oil reservoirs in China.
However, there have been few evaluations of CO 2 miscible flooding and immiscible flooding reservoirs at the national level owing to the difficulty of obtaining reservoir data and relevant parameters in China. The previous research mainly focused on the screening and evaluation of miscible flooding and immiscible flooding in a certain petroliferous basin or specific oil field. For the evaluation of reservoirs in the Ordos Basin, Zhao and Liao [36] evaluated the CO 2 storage capacity and EOR potential of the Changqing Oilfield in China by employing parameters such as reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature, and viscosity. The results show that 14 of the 26 wells in the Changqing field are suitable for CO 2 miscible flooding and 12 wells are suitable for CO 2 immiscible flooding. The oilfield has great potential for CO 2 storage and EOR in Changqing. He et al. [37] evaluated reservoirs within a 300 km radius of Yulin City. Of the 17 reservoirs evaluated, 9 are suitable for CO 2 immiscible flooding and 8 are suitable for CO 2 miscible flooding. The overall recovery rate is improved, with a recovery potential of 80 Mt and a CO 2 sequestration potential of 130 Mt. He et al. [38] adopted reservoir screening criteria to evaluate the feasibility of CO 2 flooding, CO 2 -EOR, and CO 2 storage potential of 27 reservoirs in the Yanchang Oilfield. The results showed that in these 27 reservoirs, only 8 can implement CO 2 -EOR, and only 1 reservoir is suitable for CO 2 miscible flooding. The CO 2 storage potential of the Yanchang Oilfield is very limited. Wang et al. [39] evaluated the CO 2 storage and EOR potential of the medium and low permeability reservoirs in the Gar Basin and concluded that in the 275 development blocks in the Junggar Basin, the CO 2 miscible flooding reservoirs can increase oil production by 125 Mt, and CO 2 non-permeability. Miscible flooding reservoirs can increase oil production by 59 Mt, the CO 2 storage capacity of miscible flooding reservoirs is about 300 Mt, and the CO 2 storage potential of immiscible reservoirs is 175 Mt. Yang et al. [31] used reservoir screening criteria to screen the oil reservoirs in the Bohai Bay Basin and obtained 613 reservoirs suitable for CO 2 -EOR, of which 354 reservoirs are suitable for CO 2 miscible flooding and 259 reservoirs are suitable for immiscible flooding. With CO 2 -EOR crude oil production, 140 Mt can be increased and 225 Mt of CO 2 can be stored. In addition, preliminary studies on enhanced recovery and CO 2 storage potential in offshore reservoirs have been carried out. Li et al. [40] proposed a multi-parameter rapid comprehensive evaluation method for the screening and evaluation of offshore CO 2 flooding potential and evaluated the oil reservoirs in the Pearl River Mouth Basin. Li et al. [41] used a multi-parameter dimensionless rapid screening model combined with reservoir composition simulation to evaluate the CO 2 -EOR and CO 2 storage potential of the HZ2-1 Oilfield in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, and concluded that the HZ21-1 Oilfield can implement CO 2 miscible flooding, CO 2 storage potential is 8.1-10.8 Mt. Li et al. [42] assessed the potential of CO 2 sequestration in the major oil and gas reservoirs in the northern South China Sea, and showed that the four major geological basins had overall low, medium and high values of CO 2 storage potential of 1015.8, 1082.7 and 1151.5 Mt, respectively.
The aforementioned CO 2 -EOR evaluation for oil reservoirs are limited to research in a certain basin or certain oil fields in China. There is a lack of national-level oil reservoir evaluation, and it is impossible to screen and evaluate Chinese oil reservoirs at the national level. Although there are existing studies on the storage potential of depleted reservoirs and CO 2 -EOR at the national level, most national-level reservoir evaluation studies are limited to basin-level or do not distinguish between CO 2 miscible flooding and immiscible flooding [10,43], and do not employ screening criteria as a national screening of available good data, providing no clear picture of the distribution of CO 2 miscible flooding and immiscible flooding reservoirs in China, as well as the corresponding CO 2 -EOR and CO 2 storage potential. Therefore, this study summarized the screening criteria of miscible and immiscible flooding and used the national reservoir database to evaluate the CO 2 -EOR potential and CO 2 storage potential of reservoirs using two screening criteria: CO 2 miscible flooding and immiscible flooding in China.

Data and methodology
In purpose of screening reservoirs suitable for CO 2 flooding and evaluating CO 2 -EOR and CO 2 sequestration potential. In this study, an evaluation method for rapid reservoir screening was developed, which provided indicators for the evaluation of CO 2 miscible and immiscible flooding. For reservoirs suitable for CO 2 flooding, the additional crude oil production and CO 2 storage potential in the reservoir were evaluated by the CO 2 -EOR and CO 2 potential assessment models.

Research framework
The research framework is shown in Figure 1. In the first step, reservoir screening criteria were established based on literature summary and practical engineering experience, and the 18 indicators were identified to distinguish between reservoirs meeting CO 2 miscible or immiscible flooding. In the second step, the 8 determining screening criteria were identified which quickly identify whether the reservoir fulfilled miscible or immiscible flooding. The third step is to carry out an evaluation of 4386 candidate reservoirs. The first step was to determine whether the reservoir was suitable for CO 2 -EOR and the second step was to classify the reservoirs that were suitable for CO 2 miscible or immiscible flooding. The fourth step is to estimate CO 2 -EOR and CO 2 storage potential in oil reservoirs. Finally, the assessment results were visualised and analysed by ArcGIS. The potential and distribution of CO 2 storage in sedimentary basins was obtained. This will provide detailed data for CCUS project deployment in China.

Data source
The oil reservoir database comes from Sinopec Group [44]. The database contains 4386 reservoirs. The database has detailed statistics on oil reservoirs. There is the location of each oil field, including the name, location, and location of the oil reservoir, as well as the basin and the affiliated oil company of each oil reservoir. In terms of recoverable reserves, there is a detailed time when the oil field is discovered, the proven recoverable reserves of the oil reservoir, and the amount of oil that has been exploited. The geographic characteristics of the reservoir are also described in detail, including the gravity of the reservoir, the depth of the reservoir, the porosity, the good pressure, and the initial oil saturation of the crude oil. Because the database does not contain the temperature of the oil reservoirs, this study calculated the temperature of each oil reservoir according to the depth of the oil layer by the geothermal gradient. See the Appendix for the data of geothermal gradient in China.

Screening criteria for the CO 2 -EOR
The definition of screening criteria is helpful to quickly and preliminarily screen candidate reservoirs [45]. This is also the first step to evaluate the storage potential of Chinese oil reservoirs CO 2 -EOR and CO 2 in the reservoir [14]. This article summarizes the selection criteria for suitable CO 2 flooding, as shown in Table 1.
It has been pointed out that of all the reservoir screening criteria, reservoir depth, temperature, crude oil weight, crude oil viscosity, and original pressure are the most important screening criteria, while other screening criteria can be achieved by general reservoirs [46]. Further, CO 2 flooding can be divided into miscible or immiscible flooding according to the state of CO 2 and crude oil in the reservoir. In theory, if the pressure is high enough, CO 2 will be miscible with oil at the reservoir temperature. In this case, the minimum pressure becomes the MMP. If the reservoir pressure is equal to or greater than the MMP, CO 2 will drive oil efficiently under miscible conditions, otherwise, less efficient immiscible flooding will be implemented. According to relevant statistics, if CO 2 flooding can reach the miscible state, the final recovery rate of the oilfield can be as high as 60% to 70%; if the immiscible flooding is used, the final recovery rate of the oilfield can reach more than 50%. Although the efficiency of immiscible CO 2 -EOR is lower than that of miscible CO 2 -EOR, the relatively commonly used water flooding is still a better oil displacement method [31]. Taking into account the availability of important screening criteria and reservoir parameters, this paper uses the following factors as the evaluation criteria [31,46], see Table 2 for details.

Minimum miscible pressure screening
When considering CO 2 flooding, the most concern is whether CO 2 will be miscible with the oil in the reservoir under the current reservoir conditions. Theoretically at MMP the maximum possible oil recovery (~70% in field scenario) can be achieved leading to huge economic benefit [48]. MMP is considered to be a key factor in evaluating whether a reservoir fulfills miscible flooding [49]. If the MMP is lower than the reservoir pressure, it is assumed to be a reservoir that is miscible with CO 2 ; otherwise, it is a reservoir that is immiscible with CO 2 . Since the original formation pressure of all reservoirs cannot be determined, this study defines that the reservoir depth must be greater than 760 m, and the reservoir temperature must be lower than 121°C, and the original formation pressure can reach MMP [14].

Calculation of oil viscosity
Crude oil viscosity is an important parameter for screening suitable CO 2 -EOR reservoirs [50]. However, not all the crude oil viscosity of the reservoir is available in the reservoir data. Beggs and Robinson [51] proposed to use the depth and temperature of the reservoir and the gravity of the crude oil to estimate the viscosity of the middle crude oil in the reservoir. The detailed calculation process is shown in formula (1) and formula (2) where l od is the viscosity of residual oil, X ¼ 10 3:0324À0:02023c 0 T À1:163 . The relationship between crude oil viscosity and residual oil viscosity, see formula (2): where l crude oil viscosity, A = 10.715(R s + 100) À0.515 , B = 5.44(R s + 150) À0.338 , R s is the gas-oil ratio of the reservoir.

Calculation of CO 2 -EOR and CO 2 storage potential
According to the calculation formula of Dahowski et al. [14,52,53], the theoretical storage potential of CO 2 enhanced oil exploitation is evaluated.
The existing data only obtains the Ultimately Recoverable Resources (URR) but does not know the Original Oil In Place (OOIP). The OOIP can be calculated by the formula (3): In the formula, OOIP is the Original Oil In Place, URR is the Ultimately Recoverable Resource, and API is American Petroleum Institute gravity: OOIPc is the amount of crude oil that can be contacted with CO 2 , and C is the contact ratio between CO 2 and crude oil, in this article 75% Here, EOR is the amount of crude oil that can be enhanced, and its unit is the same as OOIP, which is the amount of CO 2 that can be stored, called the reservoir's CO 2 storage potential, and the unit is ton; A and B are the lowest and highest probability of displacement coefficient. The corresponding probability values of different depths and crude oil severity are shown in Table 3; A is 2.113 t/m 3 , B is 3.522 t/m 3 ; EXTRA is the ratio of CO 2 enhanced oil recovery, that is, the displacement coefficient and the unit is %.

Suitable distribution of CO 2 -EOR reservoir
The distribution of reservoirs suitable for CO 2 miscible flooding and immiscible flooding in China, is shown in Figure 2. The onshore oil reservoirs suitable for CO 2

CO 2 -EOR storage potential
As shown in Figure 3, about 9.2 billion tons of crude oil have been increased by CO 2 -EOR, of which 4.2 billion tons of crude oil can be increased by CO 2 miscible flooding, and 5 billion tons of crude oil can be increased by CO 2 immiscible flooding in China. The CO 2 storage potential in oil reservoirs is shown in Figure 4, the total CO 2 storage potential of the reservoir is about 339 million tons in China, of which the CO 2 storage potential of miscible flooding is about 166 million tons, and the CO 2 storage potential of immiscible flooding is about 173 million tons. From Figures 3 and 4 it is easy to find that the differences in basin sequestration potential are outstanding. In order to better describe the results of the study, we will develop a basin-by-basin description of the CO 2 flooding and storage potential.
In Bohai Bay Basin, there could be 1,440 reservoirs where CO 2 -EOR could be implemented, accounting for 56% of the total number of reservoirs. A total of 910 reservoirs can be implemented with CO 2 miscible flooding, which can increase oil production by approximately 15.55 Mt and can achieve CO 2 geological storage of approximately 6.38 Mt. There are 530 reservoirs where immiscible flooding could be implemented, which could increase production by 1769 Mt of crude oil. At the same time, 613 Mt of CO 2 will be storage in the reservoir. These reservoirs are mainly concentrated in northeastern coastal areas of Bohai Bay Basin. The reservoirs where CO 2 flooding is implemented mainly cover the Huabei, Shengli and Dagang oil fields, accounting for approximately 32% of the total CO 2 storage potential in Bohai Bay Basin.
There are 380 reservoirs in Songliao Basin, of which approximately 73% are suitable for CO 2 flooding. Of these, 202 reservoirs are suitable for miscible flooding. It is estimated that 2625 Mt of crude oil could be added and 907 Mt of CO 2 could be stored. Only 75 reservoirs are suitable for CO 2 miscible flooding. The volume of crude oil that could be added is approximately 350 Mt and the corresponding CO 2 storage potential is approximately 123 Mt of CO 2 . The main factor that miscible flooding reservoirs are less than immiscible flooding is the shallower average buried depth of Songliao Basin. In Songliao Basin, Daqing Oilfield and Jilin Oilfield (Daqingzijing Oilfield and Da'an Oilfield) are the main oilfields implementing CO 2 flooding, accounting for about 80% of the total CO 2 storage potential of Songliao Basin.
In Ordos Basin, Junggar Basin, Tarim Basin, and Qaidam Basin, the amount of oil enhanced by miscible flooding and immiscible flooding is less than 100 Mt (see Fig. 3). Most of the reservoirs in these basins need to implement CO 2 miscible flooding. Because miscible flooding is more efficient than immiscible flooding. Therefore, these basins are still key areas for the implementation of CO 2 -EOR. The most suitable field for implementing CO 2 miscible flooding is Changqing Oilfield, which can increase oil by about 78 Mt, accounting for about 72% of the oil recovery in Ordos Basin, with a CO 2 sequestration potential of about 2.28 Mt. The Karamay Field is the best field in Junggar Basin for the implementation of CO 2 miscible flooding. By applying CO 2 -EOR, the oil increase is about 22 Mt and the CO 2 sequestration potential is about 50 Mt. The Taher Field is the best candidate for CO 2 miscible flooding in Tarim Basin, with an oil addition of about 9.5 Mt and a CO 2 sequestration potential of about 29 Mt. The Gaskule Oilfield is the most suitable field for CO 2 miscible flooding in Qaidam Basin. By applying CO 2 -EOR, the oil increase is about 10 million m 3 and the CO 2 sequestration potential In addition, the ratio of CO 2 miscible flooding suitable for offshore oil reservoirs is also relatively ideal in China. As shown in Figures 2 and 3, in Pearl River Mouth Basin, South Yellow Sea Basin, and Beibu Gulf Basin, CO 2 miscible flooding can be used to increase oil by approximately 45 Mt, 12 Mt, and 9.7 Mt, the corresponding CO 2 storage potential is 155 Mt, 36 Mt, and 27 Mt, respectively. More than 80% of the reservoirs can be enhanced by CO 2 miscible flooding. For the Pearl River Mouth Basin, The Huizhou Oilfield is the most suitable to implement

Comparison of existing results with the results of this research
It is not difficult to find from Table 4 that the previous research based on the data source can be divided into three categories. The first category is for research institutions in China. This type of data source is an evaluation of the CO 2 storage potential based on the data of petroliferous basins in the literature [56]. Compared with this study, the specific geological data of oil wells are unknown, and only basin-level reservoir reserves can be obtained, to obtain CO 2 storage potential. The second type is the evaluation by the US Department of Energy and Chinese research institutions. The data source is the same as the first type of research, but the evaluation method has been improved. The third category is the evaluation of sustainable energy services and innovation companies. The data sources are different compared to the first two types of reservoirs. It comes from the US Geological Survey's assessment of global reservoir reserves in 2000 [57]. The data is more macroscopic. The data is not as detailed as the first two types of reservoirs. The reservoir data in this study comes from IHS Markit [44], this database is based on national actual reservoir exploration data. The database performs detailed statistics on the published oil reservoirs. It not only includes the crude oil reserves and geographic location of each oil well, but also includes detailed geological information, such as the depth of the reservoir, the gravity of crude oil, and the porosity of the oil. Therefore, this study obtained the CO 2 storage potential, carried out a screening based on the suitability of the reservoir for CO 2 flooding, and only retained the reservoirs suitable for CO 2 storage. In addition, according to the type of CO 2 flooding, it is divided into miscible flooding and immiscible flooding. These two points can provide more detailed data support for the deployment of CCUS in China, and they are also not available in the above-mentioned three types of research institutes.

Limitations of this study
The current reservoir screening criteria mainly use geological factors as the site selection criteria [60], and the purpose is to quickly and effectively screen out reservoirs suitable for CO 2 miscible flooding and immiscible flooding. However, there are no clear selection criteria for the economic, safety, social, and environmental aspects of the oil reservoir in the implementation of CO 2 -EOR. The scale effect of CO 2 -EOR should be considered. The large-scale or cluster implementation of CO 2 -EOR can enable efficient use of infrastructure and reduce operating costs from an economic point of view [61], which is more conducive to project implementation. The safety screening criteria are mainly to prevent the damage of geological disasters to the reservoir and cause CO 2 leakage problems [62,63]. The use of safety screening criteria should avoid areas with a high probability of occurrence of geological disasters such as earthquakes, landslides, and fire activities [64]. The Author(s): Science and Technology for Energy Transition 78, 3 (2023) The social screening criteria need to consider the public's acceptance of the CO 2 -EOR project. Whether the public accepts the CO 2 -EOR project is a key factor that can significantly affect the implementation of the project. Environmental screening criteria mainly consider environmental issues during CO 2 -EOR operation. The implementation of CO 2 flooding is accompanied by a large amount of water containing radioactive materials and toxic heavy metals. Without proper waste management and disposal standards, these substances can contaminate the source of drinking water. CO 2 storage screening criteria, adding economic, safety, social and environmental screening criteria is the trend of future CO 2 storage site selection in the future [14,65].
In addition, with the continuous increase in the level of exploration technology and economic investment, the exploration volume of oil reservoirs has also increased year by year. In the past ten years, oil exploration and development and proven reserves have continued to increase at a high level in China. The CO 2 storage potential and CO 2 -EOR displacement estimated in this study are only evaluated based on 2018 data. In the future, with the development of reservoir exploration technology, more reservoirs will be discovered, and the CO 2 -EOR and CO 2 storage potential of reservoirs will also increase.

Conclusion
This study summarises the existing oil reservoir screening criteria and derives a standard methodology suitable for reservoir data screening. This paper utilises the reservoir screening criteria to screen reservoirs suitable for CO 2 -EOR in China, and obtains the distribution of reservoirs with and without CO 2 miscible flooding, as with the corresponding potential for increased crude oil production and CO 2 storage. The main conclusions are as follows: This study is more specific and detailed in the reservoir data. The reservoirs were screened and evaluated by CO 2 miscible and immiscible flooding and provided data support for the storage site selection of the CCUS project. However, the influence of geological conditions, social economy, natural environment, and other factors are in the actual engineering practice. The final CO 2 storage potential of source-sink matching level still needs further study, which requires the setting and evaluation of a more detailed comprehensive factor indicator system.  T H ¼ a þ G Â H T H is the low temperature at H; α is a constant, which can be found on the table; G is the ground temperature gradient (℃/100m); H is the depth (m).
The gradient data sources in the table are based on borehole temperature measurement data from various petroleum departments, except for the source indicated in the remarks. The low temperature of different depths can be calculated according to the formula.